A Study of the Application Barriers to the Use of Autonomous Ships Posed by the Good Seamanship Requirement of COLREGs

Autonomous ships are gaining in importance and are expected to shape the future of the global shipping industry. This evolutionary shift raises serious issues about compliance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGs). This paper reviews the literature on aut...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of navigation Vol. 73; no. 3; pp. 710 - 725
Main Authors Zhou, Xiang-Yu, Huang, Jin-Jing, Wang, Feng-Wu, Wu, Zhao-Lin, Liu, Zheng-Jiang
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Cambridge Cambridge University Press 01.05.2020
Subjects
Algorithms
Artificial intelligence
Autonomous navigation
Computer vision
Decks
International regulations
Navigation
Remote control
Seamanship
Shipping
Shipping industry
Ships
Visibility
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Autonomous ships are gaining in importance and are expected to shape the future of the global shipping industry. This evolutionary shift raises serious issues about compliance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGs). This paper reviews the literature on autonomous ships from the perspective of the obligations of good seamanship imposed by COLREGs. The authors conclude that to facilitate the introduction of autonomous ships, the application barriers presented by COLREGs need to be analysed. With this goal, this paper presents a perspective from navigational practice. Four nautical scientists and two deck officers were invited to give their opinions. The analysis indicates that COLREGs require further elaboration and amendments to eliminate uncertainty of interpretation. In particular, the paper highlights the need to amend the ‘look-out’ rule (COLREGs Rule 5) to permit look-out by ‘computer vision’ alone while, at the same time, preserving the distinction between vessels navigating in restricted visibility and in sight of one another.
AbstractList Copyright © The Royal Institute of Navigation 20192019The Royal Institute of NavigationAutonomous ships are gaining in importance and are expected to shape the future of the global shipping industry. This evolutionary shift raises serious issues about compliance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGs). This paper reviews the literature on autonomous ships from the perspective of the obligations of good seamanship imposed by COLREGs. The authors conclude that to facilitate the introduction of autonomous ships, the application barriers presented by COLREGs need to be analysed. With this goal, this paper presents a perspective from navigational practice. Four nautical scientists and two deck officers were invited to give their opinions. The analysis indicates that COLREGs require further elaboration and amendments to eliminate uncertainty of interpretation. In particular, the paper highlights the need to amend the ‘look-out’ rule (COLREGs Rule 5) to permit look-out by ‘computer vision’ alone while, at the same time, preserving the distinction between vessels navigating in restricted visibility and in sight of one another.
Autonomous ships are gaining in importance and are expected to shape the future of the global shipping industry. This evolutionary shift raises serious issues about compliance with the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGs). This paper reviews the literature on autonomous ships from the perspective of the obligations of good seamanship imposed by COLREGs. The authors conclude that to facilitate the introduction of autonomous ships, the application barriers presented by COLREGs need to be analysed. With this goal, this paper presents a perspective from navigational practice. Four nautical scientists and two deck officers were invited to give their opinions. The analysis indicates that COLREGs require further elaboration and amendments to eliminate uncertainty of interpretation. In particular, the paper highlights the need to amend the ‘look-out’ rule (COLREGs Rule 5) to permit look-out by ‘computer vision’ alone while, at the same time, preserving the distinction between vessels navigating in restricted visibility and in sight of one another.
Author Wang, Feng-Wu
Huang, Jin-Jing
Wu, Zhao-Lin
Liu, Zheng-Jiang
Zhou, Xiang-Yu
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Xiang-Yu
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0217-5344
  surname: Zhou
  fullname: Zhou, Xiang-Yu
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Jin-Jing
  surname: Huang
  fullname: Huang, Jin-Jing
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Feng-Wu
  surname: Wang
  fullname: Wang, Feng-Wu
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Zhao-Lin
  surname: Wu
  fullname: Wu, Zhao-Lin
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Zheng-Jiang
  surname: Liu
  fullname: Liu, Zheng-Jiang
BookMark eNplkNFKwzAUhoMouE0fwLuA19WkSZP0so45hcFkddcla05Zx9p0SSrs7W0377w6P3zfOQf-KbptbQsIPVHyQgmVrzlhknHBGE0JIWnMb9CEcpFGUqrkFk1GHI38Hk29PwyO4iqZoJ8M56E3Z2wrHPaAs6471qUOtW3xm3auBudxsBe29TBqWR9saxvbe5zv687jL-vB4N35Ii2tNTgH3ejWDxRv4NTXDhpow7g8X682i6V_QHeVPnp4_JsztH1ffM8_otV6-TnPVlHJqAhRIhIhJTEiFZzqHR8GNyKugJQ7YWRiKElEqTgA02KMlUoNK2MjFJHVEGfo-Xq3c_bUgw_FwfauHV4WMVNCMqo4HSx6tUpnvXdQFZ2rG-3OBSXFWG_xr172C7SebaA
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1007_s00521_023_08908_z
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_marpol_2023_105592
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_oceaneng_2023_114673
crossref_primary_10_1017_S0373463321000928
crossref_primary_10_1080_03088839_2023_2180156
crossref_primary_10_3390_app10238751
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ifacol_2022_10_437
crossref_primary_10_1177_1748006X211027689
crossref_primary_10_3390_jmse11071384
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neunet_2023_06_015
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssci_2023_106256
crossref_primary_10_3390_jmse11081508
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssci_2023_106329
crossref_primary_10_1017_S0373463322000121
crossref_primary_10_1017_S0373463323000279
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10336_023_02045_z
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssci_2024_106426
crossref_primary_10_3390_su13158134
crossref_primary_10_3390_su14127369
crossref_primary_10_3390_jmse10070944
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apor_2024_104052
crossref_primary_10_3390_jmse12060849
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_oceaneng_2024_116766
crossref_primary_10_1057_s41278_022_00212_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_oceaneng_2024_117652
crossref_primary_10_3390_rs15010203
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ress_2021_107816
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13437_022_00269_z
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_oceaneng_2020_107773
crossref_primary_10_3390_app14083173
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_oceaneng_2021_108569
crossref_primary_10_3390_app11052331
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00773_021_00825_x
Cites_doi 10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.2525
10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.09.012
10.1017/S0373463318000796
10.3390/app8122592
10.1007/s13437-018-0135-6
10.1080/00908320.2018.1502500
10.1017/S0373463308004852
10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.10.344
10.1007/978-3-319-97955-7_27
10.12716/1001.12.02.15
10.1007/978-1-349-81726-9_4
10.1017/S0373463308004785
10.2139/ssrn.3025882
10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.09.016
10.1017/S037346330700447X
10.1109/USYS.2016.7893915
10.1109/CCDC.2018.8408320
10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.05.029
10.12716/1001.13.01.01
10.1016/j.enavi.2014.12.002
10.1080/00908320.2019.1582593
10.1115/OMAE2018-77672
10.1007/s10514-018-9765-y
10.1016/j.ress.2017.03.029
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright Cambridge University Press May 2020
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright Cambridge University Press May 2020
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
3V.
7SC
7SP
7TN
7XB
88I
8FD
8FE
8FG
8FK
ABJCF
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
BGLVJ
BHPHI
BKSAR
CCPQU
DWQXO
F1W
FR3
GNUQQ
H8D
H96
HCIFZ
JQ2
KR7
L.G
L6V
L7M
L~C
L~D
M2P
M7S
PCBAR
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PTHSS
Q9U
DOI 10.1017/S0373463319000924
DatabaseName CrossRef
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts
Electronics & Communications Abstracts
Oceanic Abstracts
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Science Database (Alumni Edition)
Technology Research Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Technology Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central
Technology Collection
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central
ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest Central Student
Aerospace Database
Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources
SciTech Premium Collection (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)
ProQuest Computer Science Collection
Civil Engineering Abstracts
Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional
ProQuest Engineering Collection
Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional
Science Database (ProQuest)
ProQuest Engineering Database
ProQuest Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Engineering Collection
ProQuest Central Basic
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional
ProQuest Central Student
Technology Collection
Technology Research Database
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Computer Science Collection
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central
Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection
Aerospace Database
ProQuest Engineering Collection
Oceanic Abstracts
Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central Korea
Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace
Engineering Collection
Civil Engineering Abstracts
Engineering Database
ProQuest Science Journals (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central Basic
ProQuest Science Journals
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
Electronics & Communications Abstracts
Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database
ProQuest Technology Collection
ProQuest SciTech Collection
Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional
Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
DatabaseTitleList Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional
CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: 8FG
  name: ProQuest Technology Collection
  url: https://search.proquest.com/technologycollection1
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Military & Naval Science
Engineering
EISSN 1469-7785
EndPage 725
ExternalDocumentID 10_1017_S0373463319000924
GroupedDBID -1D
-1F
-2P
-2V
-E.
-~6
-~N
.FH
09C
09E
0E1
0R~
29L
3V.
4.4
5GY
5VS
6TJ
6~7
74X
74Y
7~V
88I
8CJ
8FE
8FG
8FH
8R4
8R5
9M5
AAAZR
AABES
AABWE
AACJH
AAGFV
AAKTX
AAMNQ
AANRG
AARAB
AASVR
AAUIS
AAUKB
AAYXX
ABBXD
ABBZL
ABITZ
ABJCF
ABJNI
ABKKG
ABMWE
ABQTM
ABQWD
ABROB
ABTCQ
ABUWG
ABVFV
ABVZP
ABXAU
ABZCX
ABZUI
ACBMC
ACETC
ACGFS
ACGOD
ACIMK
ACIWK
ACMRT
ACUIJ
ACYZP
ACZBM
ACZUX
ACZWT
ADCGK
ADDNB
ADFEC
ADKIL
ADOVH
ADOVT
ADVJH
AEBAK
AEBPU
AEHGV
AEMTW
AENCP
AENEX
AENGE
AEYYC
AFFUJ
AFKQG
AFKRA
AFLOS
AFLVW
AFUTZ
AGABE
AGBYD
AGJUD
AGLWM
AHPGS
AHQXX
AHRGI
AI.
AIGNW
AIHIV
AIOIP
AISIE
AJ7
AJCYY
AJPFC
AJQAS
AKZCZ
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ALVPG
ALWZO
AQJOH
ARABE
ARZZG
ATUCA
AUXHV
AYIQA
AZQEC
BBLKV
BCGOX
BENPR
BESQT
BGHMG
BGLVJ
BHPHI
BJBOZ
BKSAR
BLZWO
BMAJL
BPHCQ
BQFHP
C0O
CAG
CBIIA
CCPQU
CCQAD
CCUQV
CDIZJ
CFAFE
CFBFF
CGQII
CHEAL
CITATION
CJCSC
COF
CS3
CTKSN
D1J
DC4
DOHLZ
DU5
DWQXO
EBS
EGQIC
EJD
GNUQQ
HCIFZ
HG-
HST
HZ~
H~9
I.6
I.7
I.9
IH6
IOEEP
IOO
IS6
I~P
J36
J38
J3A
JHPGK
JQKCU
KAFGG
KC5
KCGVB
KFECR
L6V
L98
LHUNA
LW7
M-V
M2P
M7S
M7~
M8.
NIKVX
NMFBF
NZEOI
O9-
OYBOY
P2P
PCBAR
PQQKQ
PROAC
PTHSS
PYCCK
Q2X
RAMDC
RCA
RIG
ROL
RR0
S6-
S6U
SAAAG
T9M
UAO
UT1
VH1
WFFJZ
WQ3
WXU
WYP
ZDLDU
ZJOSE
ZMEZD
ZYDXJ
~02
~V1
7SC
7SP
7TN
7XB
8FD
8FK
F1W
FR3
H8D
H96
JQ2
KR7
L.G
L7M
L~C
L~D
PQEST
PQUKI
Q9U
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c316t-5656770d69641ab49644d62fe0cb6d75d1056c84ee3a6056cf89d3c2d6807f9d3
IEDL.DBID 8FG
ISSN 0373-4633
IngestDate Thu Oct 10 20:50:24 EDT 2024
Thu Sep 26 16:08:19 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess false
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 3
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c316t-5656770d69641ab49644d62fe0cb6d75d1056c84ee3a6056cf89d3c2d6807f9d3
ORCID 0000-0002-0217-5344
OpenAccessLink https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A9B56904E1D183BAA5BEE9415363EA4D/S0373463319000924a.pdf/div-class-title-a-study-of-the-application-barriers-to-the-use-of-autonomous-ships-posed-by-the-good-seamanship-requirement-of-colregs-div.pdf
PQID 2386731841
PQPubID 29781
PageCount 16
ParticipantIDs proquest_journals_2386731841
crossref_primary_10_1017_S0373463319000924
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2020-05-00
20200501
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2020-05-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 05
  year: 2020
  text: 2020-05-00
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Cambridge
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Cambridge
PublicationTitle Journal of navigation
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher Cambridge University Press
Publisher_xml – name: Cambridge University Press
References S0373463319000924_ref50
S0373463319000924_ref51
S0373463319000924_ref58
S0373463319000924_ref14
S0373463319000924_ref59
S0373463319000924_ref56
S0373463319000924_ref12
S0373463319000924_ref57
S0373463319000924_ref13
S0373463319000924_ref54
S0373463319000924_ref10
S0373463319000924_ref55
S0373463319000924_ref52
S0373463319000924_ref53
Johansen (S0373463319000924_ref22) 2016; 17
Mei (S0373463319000924_ref33) 2017; 46
Schönknecht (S0373463319000924_ref44) 1983
S0373463319000924_ref47
S0373463319000924_ref48
S0373463319000924_ref46
S0373463319000924_ref43
S0373463319000924_ref42
S0373463319000924_ref38
S0373463319000924_ref1
S0373463319000924_ref39
S0373463319000924_ref4
S0373463319000924_ref3
S0373463319000924_ref6
S0373463319000924_ref5
S0373463319000924_ref8
S0373463319000924_ref7
S0373463319000924_ref9
Rodriguez-Delgado (S0373463319000924_ref40) 2018; 5
Singh (S0373463319000924_ref45) 2018a; 47
S0373463319000924_ref36
S0373463319000924_ref37
S0373463319000924_ref34
S0373463319000924_ref35
S0373463319000924_ref32
S0373463319000924_ref30
S0373463319000924_ref31
S0373463319000924_ref29
S0373463319000924_ref27
S0373463319000924_ref28
(S0373463319000924_ref11) 2017
Gault (S0373463319000924_ref15) 2016
S0373463319000924_ref25
S0373463319000924_ref26
S0373463319000924_ref23
S0373463319000924_ref24
S0373463319000924_ref21
Rødseth (S0373463319000924_ref41) 2017
S0373463319000924_ref20
Veal (S0373463319000924_ref49) 2017; 2017
S0373463319000924_ref18
S0373463319000924_ref19
S0373463319000924_ref16
S0373463319000924_ref17
Aro (S0373463319000924_ref2) 2017
References_xml – volume: 46
  start-page: 2415
  year: 2017
  ident: S0373463319000924_ref33
  article-title: Quantitative analysis of COLREG rules and seamanship for autonomous collision avoidance at open sea
  publication-title: Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences
  contributor:
    fullname: Mei
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref20
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref28
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref17
  doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.2525
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref43
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref52
  doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.09.012
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref31
  doi: 10.1017/S0373463318000796
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref4
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref30
  doi: 10.3390/app8122592
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref24
  doi: 10.1007/s13437-018-0135-6
– volume-title: Marsden and Gault on collisions at sea
  year: 2016
  ident: S0373463319000924_ref15
  contributor:
    fullname: Gault
– volume: 17
  start-page: 3407
  volume-title: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
  year: 2016
  ident: S0373463319000924_ref22
  contributor:
    fullname: Johansen
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref14
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref18
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref21
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref19
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref50
  doi: 10.1080/00908320.2018.1502500
– volume-title: Challenges of Unmanned Vessels: Technical Risks and Legal Problems
  year: 2017
  ident: S0373463319000924_ref2
  contributor:
    fullname: Aro
– volume-title: Analysis of Regulatory Barriers for the Use of Autonomous Ships
  year: 2017
  ident: S0373463319000924_ref11
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref42
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref10
  doi: 10.1017/S0373463308004852
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref29
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref36
  doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.10.344
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref38
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-97955-7_27
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref25
  doi: 10.12716/1001.12.02.15
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref3
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref51
  doi: 10.1007/978-1-349-81726-9_4
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref53
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref57
  doi: 10.1017/S0373463308004785
– volume-title: Definitions for Autonomous Merchant Ships
  year: 2017
  ident: S0373463319000924_ref41
  contributor:
    fullname: Rødseth
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref26
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref8
  doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3025882
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref46
  doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.09.016
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref47
  doi: 10.1017/S037346330700447X
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref32
  doi: 10.1109/USYS.2016.7893915
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref6
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref35
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref58
  doi: 10.1109/CCDC.2018.8408320
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref16
  doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.05.029
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref12
– volume-title: Ships and Shipping of Tomorrow
  year: 1983
  ident: S0373463319000924_ref44
  contributor:
    fullname: Schönknecht
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref54
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref23
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref59
  doi: 10.12716/1001.13.01.01
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref7
  doi: 10.1016/j.enavi.2014.12.002
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref27
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref9
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref39
  doi: 10.1080/00908320.2019.1582593
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref48
– volume: 47
  start-page: 1325
  year: 2018a
  ident: S0373463319000924_ref45
  article-title: Optimal path planning of unmanned surface vehicles
  publication-title: Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences
  contributor:
    fullname: Singh
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref5
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref37
  doi: 10.1115/OMAE2018-77672
– volume: 5
  start-page: l
  year: 2018
  ident: S0373463319000924_ref40
  article-title: The legal challenges of unmanned ships in the private maritime law: what laws would you change?
  publication-title: Maritime, Port and Transport Law between Legacies of the Past and Modernization
  contributor:
    fullname: Rodriguez-Delgado
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref34
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref55
  doi: 10.1007/s10514-018-9765-y
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref56
  doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2017.03.029
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref13
– ident: S0373463319000924_ref1
– volume: 2017
  start-page: 303
  year: 2017
  ident: S0373463319000924_ref49
  article-title: The integration of unmanned ships into the lex maritima
  publication-title: Lloyd's Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly
  contributor:
    fullname: Veal
SSID ssj0008485
Score 2.4476776
Snippet Autonomous ships are gaining in importance and are expected to shape the future of the global shipping industry. This evolutionary shift raises serious issues...
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Navigation 20192019The Royal Institute of NavigationAutonomous ships are gaining in importance and are expected to shape the...
SourceID proquest
crossref
SourceType Aggregation Database
StartPage 710
SubjectTerms Algorithms
Artificial intelligence
Autonomous navigation
Computer vision
Decks
International regulations
Navigation
Remote control
Seamanship
Shipping
Shipping industry
Ships
Visibility
Title A Study of the Application Barriers to the Use of Autonomous Ships Posed by the Good Seamanship Requirement of COLREGs
URI https://www.proquest.com/docview/2386731841
Volume 73
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3PT8IwFG4ULnowihpRJD0YDyaN21ra7mQG4UeMoAFJvC3b2kUPMmTDhP_evjJEY-JpTdvt0Pf63tfXt_chdCU9n3upSojxJjFhmraIz6UmccJlKwHEaskmhiM-mLL7l9ZLGXDLy7TKjU20hlplCcTIb41r4cIoIHPv5h8EWKPgdrWk0NhFVdcTAg5fstf_tsSSWUpOhwpKGKd0c6tpS0abTuhzgTXT99hvv_TbLFtf0ztEByVIxMFaqkdoR89qaP9H6cAaOhva8tqLFb7Go8ioCy536TH6DDBkB65wlmID73CwvaPG7WgBFHU5LjI7Ns01TAuWBfzckC1zPHl9m-f4Kcu1wvHKTupnmcITHb1HNrcLjzWkD9u4IrzceXwYd_v5CZr2us-dASnpFUhCXV4QgHJCOIr7nLlRzMyDKSM47SQxV6KlDPTiiWRa04hDM5W-oomnuHREapqnqDLLZvoMYZf7xuCmkUF7LotFKimToBuRZz7vpKyObjaLG87XVTTCdXqZCP9Ioo4am-UPyw2Vh1vxn_8_fIH2PDgS25zEBqoUi6W-NLihiJtWOZqo2u6OnsZfwcW-zA
link.rule.ids 315,783,787,12777,21400,27936,27937,33385,33756,43612,43817,74363,74630
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3NT8IwFG8UD-rB-BlQ1B6MB5PGbe267mSA8KECGpSE27KtXfQgQzZM-O_tK0MkJp7WtN0O7et7v7739n4IXQnH504iY6KtSUSYoi7xuVAkirlwY0Cshmyi1-edIXsYuaPC4ZYVaZVLnWgUtUxj8JHfatPCPS2AzL6bfBJgjYLoakGhsYm2oFSVvnxt1Zv958GPLhbMkHJa1KOEcUqXcU1TNFp3Qp8NvJm-w9Yt07piNtamtY_2CpiIa4t9PUAbanyIdn8VDzxE5Z4psD2d42vcD7XA4OKcHqGvGob8wDlOE6wBHq6totS4Hk6BpC7DeWrGhpmCabVZDr83pLMMv7y9TzL8nGZK4mhuJrXTVOIXFX6EJrsLDxQkEBvPIrzceOoOmu3sGA1bzddGhxQECySmNs8JgDnPsyT3ObPDiOkHk3rrlBVHXHqu1OCLx4IpRUMOzUT4ksaO5MLyEt08QaVxOlZlhG3ua5WbhBrv2SzyEkGZAOkIHf15K2EVdLNc3GCyqKMRLBLMvODPTlRQdbn8QXGksmAlAKf_D1-i7c5rrxt07_uPZ2jHgQuyyVCsolI-nalzjSLy6KIQlW8jLcGD
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3NT8MgFH_RLTF6MH7GbzkYDybEtjCgJzPn5ufmMl3irWkLjR5c59qZ7L8XGFMXE08lQHuAx3u_wo_3AzgRQciCTKZYR5MEU0VqOGRC4SRlopYaxGrFJtoddtOndy-1F8d_KhytcuYTraOWeWr2yM91aGFcGyD1zzNHi-hetS6GH9goSJmTViensQhVThnxKlC9bHa6vW-_LKgV6PQIJ1h3ILMzTptAWleaOt9oaIYBnY9S807aRp7WGqw6yIjq0zlehwU12ICVX4kEN2CnbZNtjyboFHVibTzIrdlN-KwjwxWcoDxDGuyh-s-JNbqMR0awrkBlbtv6hTLd6uPSXHXIxwV6en0bFqibF0qiZGI7Xee5RE8qfo8t0wv1lCET211G83Lj8aHXvC62oN9qPjdusBNbwCnxWYkNsOPckyxk1I8Tqh9U6mlUXpowyWtSAzGWCqoUiZkpZiKUJA0kEx7PdHEbKoN8oHYA-SzU7jeLNfbzacIzQagwlhIH-vNeRnfhbDa40XCaUyOaks149GcmduFgNvyRW15F9GMMe_83H8OStpLo4bZzvw_LgflXtmTFA6iUo7E61ICiTI6cpXwBMQjFsQ
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+the+Application+Barriers+to+the+Use+of+Autonomous+Ships+Posed+by+the+Good+Seamanship+Requirement+of+COLREGs&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+navigation&rft.au=Xiang-Yu%2C+Zhou&rft.au=Jin-Jing%2C+Huang&rft.au=Feng-Wu%2C+Wang&rft.au=Zhao-Lin%2C+Wu&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.issn=0373-4633&rft.eissn=1469-7785&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=710&rft.epage=725&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0373463319000924&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0373-4633&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0373-4633&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0373-4633&client=summon