Effects of Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction on a Group of Piles in a Level Ground with Sloping Base Layer: a Physical Modeling
A number of shaking table tests have been carried out to study the effects of earthquake-induced liquefaction and lateral spreading on a group of piles. The ground surface was level in these tests, whereas the base layer was inclined. Therefore, the studied subject in this paper is an intermediate p...
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| Published in | International journal of civil engineering (Tehran. Online) Vol. 21; no. 6; pp. 973 - 989 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Springer International Publishing
01.06.2023
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| Abstract | A number of shaking table tests have been carried out to study the effects of earthquake-induced liquefaction and lateral spreading on a group of piles. The ground surface was level in these tests, whereas the base layer was inclined. Therefore, the studied subject in this paper is an intermediate problem, a case between level ground liquefaction and sloping ground lateral spreading, which has not been studied before. The tests results indicated that the soil in the free field liquefied before the soil adjacent to the piles. It was found that shadow effect reduced the bending moments of the pile placed in shadow; and neighboring effect may decrease the bending moment of the piles of the group in comparison to that of a single pile. The results also illustrated that the surface ground slope is a key parameter in imposing kinematic pressure on the piles due to lateral spreading and the base slope of the ground still induces lateral pressure on piles but does not play a major role on kinematic lateral pressure associated with limited lateral spreading. The maximum bending moments in the single pile in the level grounds were between 135 and 233% less than that in the sloping ground. |
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| AbstractList | A number of shaking table tests have been carried out to study the effects of earthquake-induced liquefaction and lateral spreading on a group of piles. The ground surface was level in these tests, whereas the base layer was inclined. Therefore, the studied subject in this paper is an intermediate problem, a case between level ground liquefaction and sloping ground lateral spreading, which has not been studied before. The tests results indicated that the soil in the free field liquefied before the soil adjacent to the piles. It was found that shadow effect reduced the bending moments of the pile placed in shadow; and neighboring effect may decrease the bending moment of the piles of the group in comparison to that of a single pile. The results also illustrated that the surface ground slope is a key parameter in imposing kinematic pressure on the piles due to lateral spreading and the base slope of the ground still induces lateral pressure on piles but does not play a major role on kinematic lateral pressure associated with limited lateral spreading. The maximum bending moments in the single pile in the level grounds were between 135 and 233% less than that in the sloping ground. |
| Author | Haeri, S. Mohsen Sabouri, Marjan Kavand, Ali Rajabigol, Morteza |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: S. Mohsen orcidid: 0000-0001-9296-5843 surname: Haeri fullname: Haeri, S. Mohsen email: smhaeri@sharif.edu organization: Civil Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology – sequence: 2 givenname: Marjan surname: Sabouri fullname: Sabouri, Marjan organization: Civil Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology – sequence: 3 givenname: Morteza surname: Rajabigol fullname: Rajabigol, Morteza organization: Civil Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology – sequence: 4 givenname: Ali surname: Kavand fullname: Kavand, Ali organization: School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran |
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| Cites_doi | 10.3208/sandf1972.29.105 10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.08.016 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:2(163) 10.3208/sandf.49.459 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:10(898) 10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.03.007 10.1201/9780429438646-90 10.3208/sandf.44.6_101 10.1080/13632460609350598 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:1(91) 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002142 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000115 10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.02.002 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000277 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:1(94) 10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106166 10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.04.007 10.1631/jzus.A1400093 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:1(62) 10.1680/geot.2005.55.5.355 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:11(1378) 10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106450 10.3208/sandf.50.261 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:1(115) 10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.12.013 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:2(152) 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000654 |
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| Copyright | The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the Iran University of Science and Technology 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the Iran University of Science and Technology 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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| Keywords | Sloping base Liquefaction Shake table test Level ground Pile Lateral spreading |
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II: analysis and assessment of the p–y methodGeotech Geoenviron Eng2006132216317210.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:2(163) MotamedRTowhataIHondaTTabataKAbeAPile group response to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading: e-defense large shake table testSoil Dyn Earthq Eng201351354610.1016/j.soildyn.2013.04.007 EbeidoAElgamalATokimatsuKAbeAPile and pile-group response to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in four large-scale shake-table experimentsJ Geotech Geoenviron Eng2019145100401908010.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002142 MotamedRTowhataIHondaTYasudaSTabataKNakazawaHBehaviour of pile group behind a sheet pile quay wall subjected to liquefaction-induced large ground deformation observed in shaking test in e-defense projectSoils Found200949345947510.3208/sandf.49.459 MotamedRTowhataIShaking table model tests on pile groups behind quay walls subjected to lateral spreadingGeotech Geoenviron Eng2010136347748910.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000115 AshfordSAJuirnarongritTSuganoTHamadaMSoil-pile response to blast-induced lateral spreading. 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| References_xml | – reference: WeaverTJAshfordSARollinsKMResponse of 0.6 m cast-in-steel-shell pile in liquefied soil under lateral loadingGeotech Geoenviron Eng200513119410210.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:1(94) – reference: IaiSTobitaTNakaharaTGeneralized scaling relations for dynamic centrifuge testsGéotechnique200555535536210.1680/geot.2005.55.5.355 – reference: GonzalezLAbdounTDobryREffect of soil permeability on centrifuge modeling of pile response to lateral spreadingGeotech Geoenviron Eng20091351627310.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:1(62) – reference: GaoXLingXTangLXuPSoil–pile-bridge structure interaction in liquefying ground using shake table testingSoil Dyn Earthq Eng2011311009101710.1016/j.soildyn.2011.03.007 – reference: WilsonDWBoulangerRWKutterBLObserved seismic lateral resistance of liquefying sandGeotech Geoenviron Eng20001261089890610.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:10(898) – reference: KnappettJAMadabhushiSPGEffects of axial load and slope arrangement on pile group response in laterally spreading soilsGeotech Geoenviron Eng2012138779980910.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000654 – reference: MotamedRTowhataIHondaTYasudaSTabataKNakazawaHBehaviour of pile group behind a sheet pile quay wall subjected to liquefaction-induced large ground deformation observed in shaking test in e-defense projectSoils Found200949345947510.3208/sandf.49.459 – reference: EbeidoAElgamalATokimatsuKAbeAPile and pile-group response to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in four large-scale shake-table experimentsJ Geotech Geoenviron Eng2019145100401908010.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002142 – reference: MotamedRTowhataIHondaTTabataKAbeAPile group response to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading: e-defense large shake table testSoil Dyn Earthq Eng201351354610.1016/j.soildyn.2013.04.007 – reference: AshfordSAJuirnarongritTSuganoTHamadaMSoil-pile response to blast-induced lateral spreading. I: field testGeotech Geoenviron Eng2006132215216210.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:2(152) – reference: BrandenbergSJBoulangerRWKutterBChangDLiquefaction-induced softening of load transfer between pile groups and laterally spreading crustsGeotech Geoenviron Eng200713319110310.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:1(91) – reference: RollinsKMGerberTMLaneJDAshfordSALateral resistance of a full-scale pile group in liquefied sandGeotech Geoenviron Eng2005131111512510.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:1(115) – reference: HaeriSMKavandARahmaniITorabiHResponse of a group of piles to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading by large scale shake table testingSoil Dyn Earthq Eng201238254510.1016/j.soildyn.2012.02.002 – reference: SuLTangLLingXLiuCZhangXPile response to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading: a shake-table investigationSoil Dyn Earthq Eng20168219620410.1016/j.soildyn.2015.12.013 – reference: MotamedRSesovVTowhataIAnhNTExperimental modeling of large pile groups in sloping ground subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral flow: 1g shaking table testsSoils Found201050226127910.3208/sandf.50.261 – reference: KavandAHaeriSMRaisianzadehJSadeghiMeibodiAAfzalSoltaniSSeismic behavior of a dolphin-type berth subjected to liquefaction induced lateral spreading: 1g large scale shake table testing and numerical simulationsSoil Dyn Earthq Eng202114010645010.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106450 – reference: KavandAHaeriSMAsefzadehARahmaniIGhalandarzadehABakhshiAStudy of the behavior of pile groups during lateral spreading in medium dense sands by large scale shake table testInt J Civil Eng2014123374439 – reference: ZhangSWeiYChengXChenTZhangXLiZCentrifuge modeling of batter pile foundations in laterally spreading soilSoil Dyn Earthq Eng202013510616610.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106166 – reference: TokimatsuKSuzukiHPore water pressure response around pile and its effects on p–y behavior during soil liquefactionSoils Found200444610111010.3208/sandf.44.6_101 – reference: Horne JC, Kramer SL. (1998) Effect of liquefaction on pile foundations. Transportation Research Center: Research Project T9903. – reference: SuLTangLLingXJuNGaoXResponses of reinforced concrete pile group in two-layered liquefied soils: shake-table investigationsJ Zhejiang Univ20151629310410.1631/jzus.A1400093 – reference: MotamedRTowhataIShaking table model tests on pile groups behind quay walls subjected to lateral spreadingGeotech Geoenviron Eng2010136347748910.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000115 – reference: AbdounTDobryRZimmieTFZeghalMCentrifuge research of countermeasures to protect pile foundations against liquefaction-induced lateral spreadingEarthq Eng20059110512510.1080/13632460609350598 – reference: EbeidoAElgamalAZayedMPile response during liquefaction-induced lateral spreading: 1-g shake table tests with different ground inclinationPhysical Modelling in Geotechnics2018LondonTaylor & Francis Group10.1201/9780429438646-90 – reference: BrandenbergSJWilsonDWRashidMMWeighted residual numerical differentiation algorithm applied to experimental bending Moment dataJ Geotech Geoenviron Eng2010136685486310.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000277 – reference: JuirnarongritTAshfordASoil-pile response to blast-induced lateral spreading. II: analysis and assessment of the p–y methodGeotech Geoenviron Eng2006132216317210.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:2(163) – reference: BrandenbergSJBoulangerRWKutterBChangDBehavior of pile foundations in laterally spreading ground during centrifuge testsGeotech Geoenviron Eng2005131111378139110.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:11(1378) – reference: LiuCTangLLingXDengLSuLZhangXInvestigation of liquefaction-induced lateral load on pile group behind quay wallSoil Dyn Earthq Eng2017102566410.1016/j.soildyn.2017.08.016 – reference: IaiSSimilitude for shaking table tests on soil–structure–fluid model in 1g gravitational fieldSoils Found198929110511810.3208/sandf1972.29.105 – volume: 29 start-page: 105 issue: 1 year: 1989 ident: 805_CR27 publication-title: Soils Found doi: 10.3208/sandf1972.29.105 – volume: 102 start-page: 56 year: 2017 ident: 805_CR22 publication-title: Soil Dyn Earthq Eng doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.08.016 – volume: 132 start-page: 163 issue: 2 year: 2006 ident: 805_CR7 publication-title: Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:2(163) – volume: 49 start-page: 459 issue: 3 year: 2009 ident: 805_CR24 publication-title: Soils Found doi: 10.3208/sandf.49.459 – volume: 126 start-page: 898 issue: 10 year: 2000 ident: 805_CR5 publication-title: Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:10(898) – volume: 31 start-page: 1009 year: 2011 ident: 805_CR2 publication-title: Soil Dyn Earthq Eng doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.03.007 – volume-title: Physical Modelling in Geotechnics year: 2018 ident: 805_CR14 doi: 10.1201/9780429438646-90 – volume: 44 start-page: 101 issue: 6 year: 2004 ident: 805_CR4 publication-title: Soils Found doi: 10.3208/sandf.44.6_101 – volume: 12 start-page: 374 issue: 3 year: 2014 ident: 805_CR17 publication-title: Int J Civil Eng – volume: 9 start-page: 105 issue: 1 year: 2005 ident: 805_CR10 publication-title: Earthq Eng doi: 10.1080/13632460609350598 – ident: 805_CR1 – volume: 133 start-page: 91 issue: 1 year: 2007 ident: 805_CR12 publication-title: Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:1(91) – volume: 145 start-page: 04019080 issue: 10 year: 2019 ident: 805_CR13 publication-title: J Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002142 – volume: 136 start-page: 477 issue: 3 year: 2010 ident: 805_CR23 publication-title: Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000115 – volume: 38 start-page: 25 year: 2012 ident: 805_CR16 publication-title: Soil Dyn Earthq Eng doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.02.002 – volume: 136 start-page: 854 issue: 6 year: 2010 ident: 805_CR29 publication-title: J Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000277 – volume: 131 start-page: 94 issue: 1 year: 2005 ident: 805_CR9 publication-title: Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:1(94) – volume: 135 start-page: 106166 year: 2020 ident: 805_CR21 publication-title: Soil Dyn Earthq Eng doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106166 – volume: 51 start-page: 35 year: 2013 ident: 805_CR25 publication-title: Soil Dyn Earthq Eng doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.04.007 – volume: 16 start-page: 93 issue: 2 year: 2015 ident: 805_CR3 publication-title: J Zhejiang Univ doi: 10.1631/jzus.A1400093 – volume: 135 start-page: 62 issue: 1 year: 2009 ident: 805_CR15 publication-title: Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:1(62) – volume: 55 start-page: 355 issue: 5 year: 2005 ident: 805_CR28 publication-title: Géotechnique doi: 10.1680/geot.2005.55.5.355 – volume: 131 start-page: 1378 issue: 11 year: 2005 ident: 805_CR11 publication-title: Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:11(1378) – volume: 140 start-page: 106450 year: 2021 ident: 805_CR18 publication-title: Soil Dyn Earthq Eng doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106450 – volume: 50 start-page: 261 issue: 2 year: 2010 ident: 805_CR20 publication-title: Soils Found doi: 10.3208/sandf.50.261 – volume: 131 start-page: 115 issue: 1 year: 2005 ident: 805_CR8 publication-title: Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:1(115) – volume: 82 start-page: 196 year: 2016 ident: 805_CR26 publication-title: Soil Dyn Earthq Eng doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.12.013 – volume: 132 start-page: 152 issue: 2 year: 2006 ident: 805_CR6 publication-title: Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:2(152) – volume: 138 start-page: 799 issue: 7 year: 2012 ident: 805_CR19 publication-title: Geotech Geoenviron Eng doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000654 |
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| SubjectTerms | Civil Engineering Engineering Research Paper |
| Title | Effects of Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction on a Group of Piles in a Level Ground with Sloping Base Layer: a Physical Modeling |
| URI | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40999-023-00805-9 |
| Volume | 21 |
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