Improving the building energy flexibility using PCM-enhanced envelopes

• Published in: Applied thermal engineering Vol. 217; p. 119092
• Main Authors: Saffari, Mohammad, Roe, Conor, Finn, Donal P.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 25.11.2022
• Subjects: Demand response; Energy efficiency; Energy flexibility; Passive energy building; PCM thermal mass; Sustainability; Passive energy building; PCM thermal mass; Demand response; Energy flexibility; Energy efficiency; Sustainability
• ISSN: 1359-4311
• DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119092

Pre-formed internal insulative panels with impregnated phase change materials (PCM) can significantly increase both the thermal resistance and thermal capacitance of existing or new building envelopes, thereby improving the overall energy performance of buildings. A further advantage is that such measures have the potential to enhance the energy flexibility of the building, thereby offering the possibility of participation in demand side management measures such as demand response programmes. The current literature on building envelope physics lacks research on energy flexibility and demand response, especially in the context of the building envelope integrated design with high latent heat materials such as PCM for demand response applications. The objective of the current study is to examine how the addition of PCM impregnated building envelopes affects both the thermal performance of the building envelope, as well as the wider building energy characteristics when subject to different demand response events. A reference building is utilised, which is a residential detached house with a floor area of 160 m2 and a south-easterly facing aspect. Another contribution of this study is proposing new energy flexibility indicators taking into consideration envelope pre-cooling and pre-heating periods prior to the demand response event. Simulation results show that shorter envelope pre-cooling periods (0.5 hr) together with longer demand response periods (4 h) are preferable for all envelopes to achieve the maximum power curtailment for cooling. PCM-enhanced envelopes are shown to give best cooling demand shifting and energy flexibility efficiency. The MW PCM-1 and MW PCM-2 envelopes have the highest flexibility efficiency with a value of 244%. For heating, gypsum board enhanced with PCM retrofitted on the envelopes are shown to give an overall good performance in energy flexibility efficiency and in power curtailment compared to the other building envelopes in all durations of an energy flexibility event. For heating, the maximum energy flexibility efficiencies range from 250% for the LW Gypsum Board envelope to 356% for the LW PCM-2 envelope. •Energy flexibility is mapped for building envelopes with sensible and latent TES.•Building envelopes are optimised for different demand response events.•An energy flexibility sensitivity analysis algorithm is developed in EnergyPlus.•In buildings with only sensible TES short demand response events should be used.•Envelopes with PCM have better energy flexibility in long demand response events.