Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral ALZ-801/Valiltramiprosate in a 2-Year Phase 2 Trial of APOE4 Carriers with Early Alzheimer’s Disease

• Published in: Clinical pharmacokinetics Vol. 64; no. 3; pp. 407 - 424
• Main Authors: Hey, John A., Yu, Jeremy Y., Abushakra, Susan, Schaefer, Jean F., Power, Aidan, Kesslak, Pat, Paul, Jijo, Tolar, Martin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Springer Nature B.V 01.03.2025; Springer International Publishing
• Subjects: Administration, Oral; Aged; Alzheimer Disease - cerebrospinal fluid; Alzheimer Disease - drug therapy; Alzheimer Disease - genetics; Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Apolipoprotein E4 - genetics; Apolipoproteins; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - cerebrospinal fluid; Body mass index; Clinical trials; Drug dosages; FDA approval; Female; Genotype & phenotype; Heterozygote; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Oral diseases; Original; Pharmacokinetics; Plasma; Prodrugs - administration & dosage; Prodrugs - pharmacokinetics; Taurine - analogs & derivatives
• ISSN: 0312-5963; 1179-1926; 1179-1926
• DOI: 10.1007/s40262-025-01482-8

ALZ-801/valiltramiprosate is an oral, small-molecule inhibitor of β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomer formation in late-stage development as a potential disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). ALZ-801, a valine-conjugated prodrug, is rapidly converted to tramiprosate after oral dosing. Upon conversion to tramiprosate, it generates a single metabolite, 3-sulfopropanoic acid (3-SPA). Both tramiprosate and 3-SPA are active anti-Aβ oligomer agents that mediate ALZ-801's central mechanism of action (MOA). We summarize herein the pharmacokinetics (PK) of ALZ-801 in apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE4) carrier subjects with early AD from a phase 2 trial. The ALZ-801 phase 2 study was designed to evaluate longitudinal effects of ALZ-801 (265 mg BID) on plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) AD biomarkers, and clinical outcomes over 104 weeks in APOE4 carriers with early AD. Eighty-four subjects (31 APOE4/4 homozygotes and 53 APOE3/4 heterozygotes) with positive CSF biomarkers of amyloid and tau pathology were enrolled. The phase 2 study included a substudy of 24 subjects to provide 8-h steady-state PK at 65 weeks. Sparse PK samples were also analyzed. The relationships between plasma PK exposure and clinical characteristics [i.e., sex, APOE genotype, age, body mass index (BMI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), concomitant acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) use, and tablet lot] were evaluated. The steady-state plasma PK results were closely aligned with the previous 2-week PK in the ALZ-801 phase 1b study in APOE4 carrier subjects with AD, as well as a phase 1 7-day PK study in heathy elderly volunteers. Following oral dosing, ALZ-801 was rapidly converted to the active moieties, tramiprosate and 3-SPA. The intersubject variability in plasma drug levels was low, confirming the superior performance of ALZ-801 versus oral tramiprosate tablet (150 mg BID) from the earlier tramiprosate phase 3 trials. Correlation analysis versus clinical characteristics showed that plasma exposures (Cmax and AUC8h) for ALZ-801, tramiprosate, and 3-SPA were not affected by sex, APOE genotype, age, BMI, concomitant AChEI use, or tablet lot. Plasma exposures of both tramiprosate and 3-SPA, but not ALZ-801, were inversely correlated with eGFR, in line with renal excretion as the primary route of elimination. ALZ-801 was well tolerated without new safety signals or events of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA). The steady-state PK profile of oral ALZ-801 in subjects with early AD was not affected by sex, APOE genotype, age, BMI, concomitant use of AChEI, or tablet lot. The inverse relationship of plasma exposures of tramiprosate and 3-SPA, but not ALZ-801, versus eGFR is consistent with renal clearance as the primary route of elimination for tramiprosate and 3-SPA (active moieties), and with the efficient conversion of ALZ-801 prodrug to the active moieties after dosing. These results demonstrate that ALZ-801 displays favorable PK properties without evidence of interactions with demographic characteristics and support its development as an oral disease-modifying treatment for AD. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04693520 .