A comprehensive insight into the molecular effect of theobromine on cardiovascular-related risk factors: A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo studies
Theobromine may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to find molecular effects of theobromine on lipid profile, glycemic status, inflammatory factors, and vascular function through a comprehensive assessment of all in vitro and in vivo studies. The search process...
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| Published in | Phytotherapy research Vol. 37; no. 9; pp. 3765 - 3779 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
01.09.2023
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Theobromine may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to find molecular effects of theobromine on lipid profile, glycemic status, inflammatory factors, and vascular function through a comprehensive assessment of all in vitro and in vivo studies. The search process was started at 18 July 2022. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to find all articles published up to 18 July 2022. Nineteen studies were included in this study. In vitro studies showed the improving effects of theobromine on inflammatory markers. Of four animal studies assessing the effect of theobromine on inflammatory markers, two reported favorable effects. Among five animal studies assessing the effects of theobromine on lipid profile, three reported improving effects on either triglyceride, total cholesterol, low- or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Of the three human studies, two revealed that theobromine had improving effects on lipid profile. A favorable effect of theobromine on augmentation index was also reported in two RCTs. The results for other outcomes were inconclusive. Theobromine may have favorable effects on inflammatory factors, lipid profile, and vascular function markers. However, studies with a longer duration and lower, dietary-relevant doses are required for future confirmation. |
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| AbstractList | Theobromine may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to find molecular effects of theobromine on lipid profile, glycemic status, inflammatory factors, and vascular function through a comprehensive assessment of all in vitro and in vivo studies. The search process was started at 18 July 2022. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to find all articles published up to 18 July 2022. Nineteen studies were included in this study. In vitro studies showed the improving effects of theobromine on inflammatory markers. Of four animal studies assessing the effect of theobromine on inflammatory markers, two reported favorable effects. Among five animal studies assessing the effects of theobromine on lipid profile, three reported improving effects on either triglyceride, total cholesterol, low- or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Of the three human studies, two revealed that theobromine had improving effects on lipid profile. A favorable effect of theobromine on augmentation index was also reported in two RCTs. The results for other outcomes were inconclusive. Theobromine may have favorable effects on inflammatory factors, lipid profile, and vascular function markers. However, studies with a longer duration and lower, dietary-relevant doses are required for future confirmation. Theobromine may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to find molecular effects of theobromine on lipid profile, glycemic status, inflammatory factors, and vascular function through a comprehensive assessment of all in vitro and in vivo studies. The search process was started at 18 July 2022. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to find all articles published up to 18 July 2022. Nineteen studies were included in this study. In vitro studies showed the improving effects of theobromine on inflammatory markers. Of four animal studies assessing the effect of theobromine on inflammatory markers, two reported favorable effects. Among five animal studies assessing the effects of theobromine on lipid profile, three reported improving effects on either triglyceride, total cholesterol, low- or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Of the three human studies, two revealed that theobromine had improving effects on lipid profile. A favorable effect of theobromine on augmentation index was also reported in two RCTs. The results for other outcomes were inconclusive. Theobromine may have favorable effects on inflammatory factors, lipid profile, and vascular function markers. However, studies with a longer duration and lower, dietary-relevant doses are required for future confirmation.Theobromine may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to find molecular effects of theobromine on lipid profile, glycemic status, inflammatory factors, and vascular function through a comprehensive assessment of all in vitro and in vivo studies. The search process was started at 18 July 2022. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to find all articles published up to 18 July 2022. Nineteen studies were included in this study. In vitro studies showed the improving effects of theobromine on inflammatory markers. Of four animal studies assessing the effect of theobromine on inflammatory markers, two reported favorable effects. Among five animal studies assessing the effects of theobromine on lipid profile, three reported improving effects on either triglyceride, total cholesterol, low- or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Of the three human studies, two revealed that theobromine had improving effects on lipid profile. A favorable effect of theobromine on augmentation index was also reported in two RCTs. The results for other outcomes were inconclusive. Theobromine may have favorable effects on inflammatory factors, lipid profile, and vascular function markers. However, studies with a longer duration and lower, dietary-relevant doses are required for future confirmation. Abstract Theobromine may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to find molecular effects of theobromine on lipid profile, glycemic status, inflammatory factors, and vascular function through a comprehensive assessment of all in vitro and in vivo studies. The search process was started at 18 July 2022. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to find all articles published up to 18 July 2022. Nineteen studies were included in this study. In vitro studies showed the improving effects of theobromine on inflammatory markers. Of four animal studies assessing the effect of theobromine on inflammatory markers, two reported favorable effects. Among five animal studies assessing the effects of theobromine on lipid profile, three reported improving effects on either triglyceride, total cholesterol, low‐ or high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Of the three human studies, two revealed that theobromine had improving effects on lipid profile. A favorable effect of theobromine on augmentation index was also reported in two RCTs. The results for other outcomes were inconclusive. Theobromine may have favorable effects on inflammatory factors, lipid profile, and vascular function markers. However, studies with a longer duration and lower, dietary‐relevant doses are required for future confirmation. |
| Author | Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, Fatemeh Sharifi-Zahabi, Elham Mirzaian, Soheila Darbandi, Sahar Shidfar, Farzad Nachvak, Seyed Mostafa |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Elham orcidid: 0000-0002-4136-6629 surname: Sharifi-Zahabi fullname: Sharifi-Zahabi, Elham organization: Student research committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran – sequence: 2 givenname: Fatemeh orcidid: 0000-0003-1959-5705 surname: Hajizadeh-Sharafabad fullname: Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, Fatemeh organization: Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran – sequence: 3 givenname: Seyed Mostafa surname: Nachvak fullname: Nachvak, Seyed Mostafa organization: School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran – sequence: 4 givenname: Soheila surname: Mirzaian fullname: Mirzaian, Soheila organization: Department of Food and Human Nutrition Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada – sequence: 5 givenname: Sahar surname: Darbandi fullname: Darbandi, Sahar organization: Imam Khomeini comprehensive health center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran – sequence: 6 givenname: Farzad orcidid: 0000-0002-6531-9253 surname: Shidfar fullname: Shidfar, Farzad organization: Department of nutrition, School of public health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37309834$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | 3,7-dimethylxanthine vascular function cardiovascular diseases inflammation lipid profile theobromine |
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