Development of a liquid-phase micro-extraction based on the use of deep eutectic solvent for pre-concentration and measurement of malachite green in water and fish samples

• Published in: International journal of environmental analytical chemistry Vol. ahead-of-print; no. ahead-of-print; pp. 1 - 16
• Main Authors: Rahmani Sadrabadi, Marzieh, Rahmani, Mashaallah
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Taylor & Francis 27.07.2023
• Subjects: Artificial neural networks; deep eutectic solvent; malachite green; micro-extraction; response surface methodology; water and fish samples
• ISSN: 0306-7319; 1029-0397
• DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2023.2237902

An easy-to-use, fast, and efficient liquid phase micro-extraction was developed based on the use of a deep eutectic solvent to extract malachite green (MG) from the water and fish samples. Herein, a green solvent including choline chloride (ChCl): phenol (PhOH) with a ratio of 1:3 was tested as an extractant phase in dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction for MG extraction followed by spectrophotometric determination. A 15 ml portion of the sample solution was used, and various effective parameters for the deep eutectic solvent (DES) in the micro-extraction models, such as deep eutectic solvent volume, salt concentration, time of micro-extraction, and pH were assayed and optimised. The best micro-extraction cases were collected by 186 microlitres of deep eutectic solvent, a salt concentration of 1.2% W/V, a pH of 4.5 of samples, and a micro-extraction time of 5.5 min. Multi-layer perceptron was also used to train the network. R 2 and mean square error (MSE) are 0.9965 and 1.8968 respectively. In optimal values, the linear range of malachite green was achieved to be 10-350 ng mL −1 . Enrichment factor and LOD were reached to be 60 and 2 ng mL −1 , respectively. The %RSD of 100 ng mL −1 of malachite green was 2.6%. Finally, this method allows the measurement of MG in fish and aqueous samples with favourable recoveries.