A Time-Dependent Sverdrup Relation and Its Application to the Indian Ocean
Abstract The Sverdrup relation is the backbone of wind-driven circulation theory; it is a simple relation between the meridional transport of the wind-driven circulation in the upper ocean and the wind stress curl. However, the relation is valid for steady circulation only. In this study, a time-dep...
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Published in | Journal of physical oceanography Vol. 52; no. 6; pp. 1233 - 1244 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Boston
American Meteorological Society
01.06.2022
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Abstract | Abstract
The Sverdrup relation is the backbone of wind-driven circulation theory; it is a simple relation between the meridional transport of the wind-driven circulation in the upper ocean and the wind stress curl. However, the relation is valid for steady circulation only. In this study, a time-dependent Sverdrup relation is postulated, in which the meridional transport in a time-dependent circulation is the sum of the local wind stress curl term and a time-delayed term representing the effect of the eastern boundary condition. As an example, this time-dependent Sverdrup relation is evaluated through its application to the equatorial circulation in the Indian Ocean, using reanalysis data and a reduced gravity model. Close examination reveals that the southward Somali Current occurring during boreal winter is due to the combination of the local wind stress curl in the Arabian Sea and delayed signals representing the time change of layer thickness at the eastern boundary.
Significance Statement
Sverdrup balance dictates the law of meridional transport of steady circulation in the upper ocean, and has been one of the foundations upon which our understanding of ocean circulation is built. However, for circulation forced by time-varying wind stress, with annual, interannual and decadal frequency, the governing law remains elusive. In this study, we introduce a time-dependent Sverdrup relation applicable to time-dependent wind-driven circulation. As an example, this relation is used to diagnose the monsoon-driven circulation in the Indian Ocean. |
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AbstractList | Abstract The Sverdrup relation is the backbone of wind-driven circulation theory; it is a simple relation between the meridional transport of the wind-driven circulation in the upper ocean and the wind stress curl. However, the relation is valid for steady circulation only. In this study, a time-dependent Sverdrup relation is postulated, in which the meridional transport in a time-dependent circulation is the sum of the local wind stress curl term and a time-delayed term representing the effect of the eastern boundary condition. As an example, this time-dependent Sverdrup relation is evaluated through its application to the equatorial circulation in the Indian Ocean, using reanalysis data and a reduced gravity model. Close examination reveals that the southward Somali Current occurring during boreal winter is due to the combination of the local wind stress curl in the Arabian Sea and delayed signals representing the time change of layer thickness at the eastern boundary. Significance Statement Sverdrup balance dictates the law of meridional transport of steady circulation in the upper ocean, and has been one of the foundations upon which our understanding of ocean circulation is built. However, for circulation forced by time-varying wind stress, with annual, interannual and decadal frequency, the governing law remains elusive. In this study, we introduce a time-dependent Sverdrup relation applicable to time-dependent wind-driven circulation. As an example, this relation is used to diagnose the monsoon-driven circulation in the Indian Ocean. Abstract The Sverdrup relation is the backbone of wind-driven circulation theory; it is a simple relation between the meridional transport of the wind-driven circulation in the upper ocean and the wind stress curl. However, the relation is valid for steady circulation only. In this study, a time-dependent Sverdrup relation is postulated, in which the meridional transport in a time-dependent circulation is the sum of the local wind stress curl term and a time-delayed term representing the effect of the eastern boundary condition. As an example, this time-dependent Sverdrup relation is evaluated through its application to the equatorial circulation in the Indian Ocean, using reanalysis data and a reduced gravity model. Close examination reveals that the southward Somali Current occurring during boreal winter is due to the combination of the local wind stress curl in the Arabian Sea and delayed signals representing the time change of layer thickness at the eastern boundary. Significance Statement Sverdrup balance dictates the law of meridional transport of steady circulation in the upper ocean, and has been one of the foundations upon which our understanding of ocean circulation is built. However, for circulation forced by time-varying wind stress, with annual, interannual and decadal frequency, the governing law remains elusive. In this study, we introduce a time-dependent Sverdrup relation applicable to time-dependent wind-driven circulation. As an example, this relation is used to diagnose the monsoon-driven circulation in the Indian Ocean. |
Author | Chu, Xiaoqing Huang, Rui Xin Peng, Qihua Chen, Gengxin |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Gengxin orcidid: 0000-0002-6227-7334 surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Gengxin organization: a State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, b Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China, c Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Rui Xin surname: Huang fullname: Huang, Rui Xin organization: d Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts – sequence: 3 givenname: Qihua surname: Peng fullname: Peng, Qihua organization: e Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California – sequence: 4 givenname: Xiaoqing surname: Chu fullname: Chu, Xiaoqing organization: a State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, b Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3389_fmars_2023_1020791 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmars_2023_1239885 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dsr_2023_104218 crossref_primary_10_1029_2023GL104226 |
Cites_doi | 10.1175/JPO-D-16-0250.1 10.1175/1520-0485(1976)006<0646:ANMOTS>2.0.CO;2 10.1002/qj.828 10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<0822:DOURFT>2.0.CO;2 10.1016/0079-6611(93)90002-U 10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<1876:ITNAIS>2.0.CO;2 10.1073/pnas.33.11.318 10.1029/2018JC013975 10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00083-0 10.1029/94JC01084 10.1175/JPO-D-13-0238.1 10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0311:ANSOSC>2.0.CO;2 10.1029/JC085iC02p01073 10.1357/002224011798765303 10.1175/JPO-D-13-0192.1 10.1016/0198-0149(83)90006-7 10.1002/2017JC012692 10.1029/1999JC900312 10.2151/jmsj.2015-001 10.1175/JPO-D-18-0151.1 10.1016/0146-6291(77)90495-7 10.1002/grl.50382 10.1117/12.795371 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0853:CATERE>2.0.CO;2 10.1175/JPO-D-12-0230.1 10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0809:TTRMMT>2.0.CO;2 10.1016/0967-0637(95)00047-A 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<0353:LSVITM>2.0.CO;2 10.1357/002224088785113711 10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0522:AIMMOM>2.0.CO;2 10.5194/essd-13-5663-2021 10.1029/92JC00417 10.1016/0079-6611(85)90017-5 10.1175/JPO-D-14-0225.1 |
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The Sverdrup relation is the backbone of wind-driven circulation theory; it is a simple relation between the meridional transport of the wind-driven... Abstract The Sverdrup relation is the backbone of wind-driven circulation theory; it is a simple relation between the meridional transport of the wind-driven... |
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SubjectTerms | Boundary conditions Circulation Equatorial circulation Gravity Local winds Meridional transport Microgravity Monsoon circulation Ocean circulation Ocean currents Oceans Somali Current Thickness Time dependence Transport Upper ocean Water circulation Wind Wind stress Wind stress curl Wind-driven circulation |
Title | A Time-Dependent Sverdrup Relation and Its Application to the Indian Ocean |
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