Opioid and Cannabinoid Systems in Pain: Emerging Molecular Mechanisms and Use in Clinical Practice, Health, and Fitness

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 25; no. 17; p. 9407
• Main Authors: Secondulfo, Carmine, Mazzeo, Filomena, Pastorino, Grazia Maria Giovanna, Vicidomini, Antonella, Meccariello, Rosaria, Operto, Francesca Felicia
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 29.08.2024
• Subjects: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid - pharmacology; Analgesics, Opioid - therapeutic use; Animals; Cannabidiol; Cannabidiol - pharmacology; Cannabidiol - therapeutic use; cannabinoids; Cannabinoids - pharmacology; Cannabinoids - therapeutic use; CB1; Chronic Pain - drug therapy; Chronic Pain - metabolism; Clinical medicine; Endocannabinoids - metabolism; Epigenesis, Genetic - drug effects; Epigenetics; Genes; Humans; Kinases; Narcotics; Nervous system; Neurons; opioids; Oprm1; Pain; Pain - drug therapy; Pain - metabolism; Pain Management - methods; Receptors, Cannabinoid - metabolism; Receptors, Opioid - metabolism; Signal transduction; Spinal cord; pain; CB1; CBD; Oprm1; cannabinoids; clinical practice; health and fitness; epigenetics; opioids
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179407

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Adequate pain control is often challenging, particularly in patients with chronic pain. Despite advances in pain management, drug addiction, overtreatment, or substance use disorders are not rare. Hence the need for further studies in the field. The substantial progress made over the last decade has revealed genes, signalling pathways, molecules, and neuronal networks in pain control thus opening new clinical perspectives in pain management. In this respect, data on the epigenetic modulation of opioid and cannabinoid receptors, key actors in the modulation of pain, offered new perspectives to preserve the activity of opioid and endocannabinoid systems to increase the analgesic efficacy of opioid- and cannabinoid-based drugs. Similarly, upcoming data on cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid in the marijuana plant , suggests analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsivant and ansiolitic effects and supports its potential application in clinical contexts such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune diseases but also in health and fitness with potential use in athletes. Hence, in this review article, we summarize the emerging epigenetic modifications of opioid and cannabinoid receptors and focus on CBD as an emerging non-psychoactive cannabinoid in pain management in clinical practice, health, and fitness.