Elaborated feedback and learning: Examining cognitive and motivational influences

The effects of feedback vary widely and little is known about how feedback influences learning. This study investigated the complexity of elaborated feedback (additional instructional information of the correct answer) and item format as influences on learning in a computer-based formative assessmen...

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Published inComputers and education Vol. 136; pp. 130 - 140
Main Authors Wang, Zhen, Gong, Shao-Ying, Xu, Sheng, Hu, Xiang-En
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier Ltd 01.07.2019
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Abstract The effects of feedback vary widely and little is known about how feedback influences learning. This study investigated the complexity of elaborated feedback (additional instructional information of the correct answer) and item format as influences on learning in a computer-based formative assessment. Undergraduate students (N = 107) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions formed by a 2 (complexity of elaborated feedback: detailed explanation in the form of concise problem-solving steps or cue in the form of key formula) × 2 (item format: multiple-choice items or constructed-response items which require learners to produce answers without response alternatives) factorial design. Results revealed that item format moderated the effect of feedback complexity on learning: Detailed explanation promoted learners' feedback perception (learners’ response to the quality and use of feedback) and transfer performance in the constructed-response item condition. Detailed explanation resulted in lower extraneous cognitive load but higher germane cognitive load and learning motivation than cue; constructed-response items resulted in lower intrinsic and extraneous cognitive load but higher germane cognitive load than multiple-choice items. Furthermore, the assumed indirect effects were verified: Feedback perception fully mediated the moderating effect of item format on feedback complexity and transfer performance; feedback complexity had an indirect effect on transfer performance via germane cognitive load. The results have implications for matching item type and feedback type to maximize learning. •We examine the cognitive and motivational consequences of elaborated feedback (EF).•Item format moderates the relation between EF and transfer performance.•Feedback perception fully mediates the moderation of item format.•Both EF and item format influence learners' cognitive load and motivation.•EF affects transfer performance indirectly via germane cognitive load.
AbstractList The effects of feedback vary widely and little is known about how feedback influences learning. This study investigated the complexity of elaborated feedback (additional instructional information of the correct answer) and item format as influences on learning in a computer-based formative assessment. Undergraduate students (N = 107) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions formed by a 2 (complexity of elaborated feedback: detailed explanation in the form of concise problem-solving steps or cue in the form of key formula) × 2 (item format: multiple-choice items or constructed-response items which require learners to produce answers without response alternatives) factorial design. Results revealed that item format moderated the effect of feedback complexity on learning: Detailed explanation promoted learners' feedback perception (learners’ response to the quality and use of feedback) and transfer performance in the constructed-response item condition. Detailed explanation resulted in lower extraneous cognitive load but higher germane cognitive load and learning motivation than cue; constructed-response items resulted in lower intrinsic and extraneous cognitive load but higher germane cognitive load than multiple-choice items. Furthermore, the assumed indirect effects were verified: Feedback perception fully mediated the moderating effect of item format on feedback complexity and transfer performance; feedback complexity had an indirect effect on transfer performance via germane cognitive load. The results have implications for matching item type and feedback type to maximize learning. •We examine the cognitive and motivational consequences of elaborated feedback (EF).•Item format moderates the relation between EF and transfer performance.•Feedback perception fully mediates the moderation of item format.•Both EF and item format influence learners' cognitive load and motivation.•EF affects transfer performance indirectly via germane cognitive load.
Author Gong, Shao-Ying
Hu, Xiang-En
Wang, Zhen
Xu, Sheng
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  fullname: Hu, Xiang-En
  organization: School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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Keywords Evaluation of CAL systems
Teaching/learning strategies
Interactive learning environments
Pedagogical issues
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Snippet The effects of feedback vary widely and little is known about how feedback influences learning. This study investigated the complexity of elaborated feedback...
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StartPage 130
SubjectTerms Evaluation of CAL systems
Interactive learning environments
Pedagogical issues
Teaching/learning strategies
Title Elaborated feedback and learning: Examining cognitive and motivational influences
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.04.003
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