CHX and a Face Shield Cannot Prevent Contamination of Surgical Masks
Bacterial contamination on surgical masks puts a threat to medical staff and patients. The aim of the study was to investigate its contamination during dental treatments, wearing a face shield and performing a pre-procedural mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine (CHX). In this prospective, randomized stu...
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Published in | Frontiers in medicine Vol. 9; p. 896308 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A
23.05.2022
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Abstract | Bacterial contamination on surgical masks puts a threat to medical staff and patients. The aim of the study was to investigate its contamination during dental treatments, wearing a face shield and performing a pre-procedural mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine (CHX).
In this prospective, randomized study, 306 treatments were included, 141 single-tooth (restorations) and 165 total dentition treatments (preventive or periodontal supportive ultrasonic application). A total of three groups (each:
= 102) were formed: participants rinsed for 60 s with 0.1 % CHX or with water before treatment, and, for control, a non-rinsing group was included. In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, a face shield covering the surgical mask enhanced personal protective equipment. After treatment, masks were imprinted on agar plates and incubated at 35°C for 48 h. Bacteria were classified by phenotypic characteristics, biochemical assay methods, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Colonies (CFU) were counted and mean values were compared (Kruskal-Wallis-,
test,
< 0.05).
Chlorhexidine led to a statistically significant reduction of bacterial contamination of the surgical mask (mean: 24 CFU) in comparison with water (mean: 47 CFU) and non-rinsing (mean: 80 CFU). Furthermore, rinsing with water reduced CFU significantly in comparison with the non-rinsing group. There were no significant differences between single or total dentition treatments.
spp.,
spp.,
spp., and
spp. dominated, representing the oral and cutaneous flora.
A pre-procedural mouth rinse is useful to reduce the bacterial load of the surgical mask. However, contamination cannot be prevented completely, even by applying a face shield. In particular, during pandemic, it is important to consider that these additional protective measures are not able to completely avoid the transmission of pathogens bearing aerosols to the facial region. If antiseptic rinsing solutions are not available, rinsing with water is also useful. |
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AbstractList | BackgroundBacterial contamination on surgical masks puts a threat to medical staff and patients. The aim of the study was to investigate its contamination during dental treatments, wearing a face shield and performing a pre-procedural mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine (CHX).MethodsIn this prospective, randomized study, 306 treatments were included, 141 single-tooth (restorations) and 165 total dentition treatments (preventive or periodontal supportive ultrasonic application). A total of three groups (each: n = 102) were formed: participants rinsed for 60 s with 0.1 % CHX or with water before treatment, and, for control, a non-rinsing group was included. In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, a face shield covering the surgical mask enhanced personal protective equipment. After treatment, masks were imprinted on agar plates and incubated at 35°C for 48 h. Bacteria were classified by phenotypic characteristics, biochemical assay methods, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Colonies (CFU) were counted and mean values were compared (Kruskal–Wallis-, U test, p < 0.05).ResultsChlorhexidine led to a statistically significant reduction of bacterial contamination of the surgical mask (mean: 24 CFU) in comparison with water (mean: 47 CFU) and non-rinsing (mean: 80 CFU). Furthermore, rinsing with water reduced CFU significantly in comparison with the non-rinsing group. There were no significant differences between single or total dentition treatments. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. dominated, representing the oral and cutaneous flora.ConclusionA pre-procedural mouth rinse is useful to reduce the bacterial load of the surgical mask. However, contamination cannot be prevented completely, even by applying a face shield. In particular, during pandemic, it is important to consider that these additional protective measures are not able to completely avoid the transmission of pathogens bearing aerosols to the facial region. If antiseptic rinsing solutions are not available, rinsing with water is also useful. Bacterial contamination on surgical masks puts a threat to medical staff and patients. The aim of the study was to investigate its contamination during dental treatments, wearing a face shield and performing a pre-procedural mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine (CHX). In this prospective, randomized study, 306 treatments were included, 141 single-tooth (restorations) and 165 total dentition treatments (preventive or periodontal supportive ultrasonic application). A total of three groups (each: = 102) were formed: participants rinsed for 60 s with 0.1 % CHX or with water before treatment, and, for control, a non-rinsing group was included. In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, a face shield covering the surgical mask enhanced personal protective equipment. After treatment, masks were imprinted on agar plates and incubated at 35°C for 48 h. Bacteria were classified by phenotypic characteristics, biochemical assay methods, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Colonies (CFU) were counted and mean values were compared (Kruskal-Wallis-, test, < 0.05). Chlorhexidine led to a statistically significant reduction of bacterial contamination of the surgical mask (mean: 24 CFU) in comparison with water (mean: 47 CFU) and non-rinsing (mean: 80 CFU). Furthermore, rinsing with water reduced CFU significantly in comparison with the non-rinsing group. There were no significant differences between single or total dentition treatments. spp., spp., spp., and spp. dominated, representing the oral and cutaneous flora. A pre-procedural mouth rinse is useful to reduce the bacterial load of the surgical mask. However, contamination cannot be prevented completely, even by applying a face shield. In particular, during pandemic, it is important to consider that these additional protective measures are not able to completely avoid the transmission of pathogens bearing aerosols to the facial region. If antiseptic rinsing solutions are not available, rinsing with water is also useful. Background Bacterial contamination on surgical masks puts a threat to medical staff and patients. The aim of the study was to investigate its contamination during dental treatments, wearing a face shield and performing a pre-procedural mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine (CHX). Methods In this prospective, randomized study, 306 treatments were included, 141 single-tooth (restorations) and 165 total dentition treatments (preventive or periodontal supportive ultrasonic application). A total of three groups (each: n = 102) were formed: participants rinsed for 60 s with 0.1 % CHX or with water before treatment, and, for control, a non-rinsing group was included. In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, a face shield covering the surgical mask enhanced personal protective equipment. After treatment, masks were imprinted on agar plates and incubated at 35°C for 48 h. Bacteria were classified by phenotypic characteristics, biochemical assay methods, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Colonies (CFU) were counted and mean values were compared (Kruskal–Wallis-, U test, p < 0.05). Results Chlorhexidine led to a statistically significant reduction of bacterial contamination of the surgical mask (mean: 24 CFU) in comparison with water (mean: 47 CFU) and non-rinsing (mean: 80 CFU). Furthermore, rinsing with water reduced CFU significantly in comparison with the non-rinsing group. There were no significant differences between single or total dentition treatments. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. dominated, representing the oral and cutaneous flora. Conclusion A pre-procedural mouth rinse is useful to reduce the bacterial load of the surgical mask. However, contamination cannot be prevented completely, even by applying a face shield. In particular, during pandemic, it is important to consider that these additional protective measures are not able to completely avoid the transmission of pathogens bearing aerosols to the facial region. If antiseptic rinsing solutions are not available, rinsing with water is also useful. |
Author | Naim, Jusef Gärtner, Barbara Halfmann, Alexander Rupf, Stefan Gund, Madline P Hannig, Matthias Boros, Gabor |
AuthorAffiliation | 4 Chair of Synoptic Dentistry, Universität Des Saarlandes , Homburg , Germany 3 Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University , Homburg , Germany 1 Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University , Homburg , Germany 2 Oral Surgery Clinic, German Armed Forces Central Hospital , Koblenz , Germany |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Oral Surgery Clinic, German Armed Forces Central Hospital , Koblenz , Germany – name: 1 Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University , Homburg , Germany – name: 4 Chair of Synoptic Dentistry, Universität Des Saarlandes , Homburg , Germany – name: 3 Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University , Homburg , Germany |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Madline P surname: Gund fullname: Gund, Madline P organization: Oral Surgery Clinic, German Armed Forces Central Hospital, Koblenz, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Jusef surname: Naim fullname: Naim, Jusef organization: Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Matthias surname: Hannig fullname: Hannig, Matthias organization: Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: Alexander surname: Halfmann fullname: Halfmann, Alexander organization: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: Barbara surname: Gärtner fullname: Gärtner, Barbara organization: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany – sequence: 6 givenname: Gabor surname: Boros fullname: Boros, Gabor organization: Oral Surgery Clinic, German Armed Forces Central Hospital, Koblenz, Germany – sequence: 7 givenname: Stefan surname: Rupf fullname: Rupf, Stefan organization: Chair of Synoptic Dentistry, Universität Des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35677818$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1007_s10266_023_00848_3 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41405_023_00182_4 crossref_primary_10_1080_15459624_2023_2285363 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00216_023_04673_z |
Cites_doi | 10.3390/ijerph17134769 10.1007/s00784-020-03645-2 10.1631/jzus.B2010010 10.1080/00016357.2020.1810769 10.1016/j.jhin.2013.12.007 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.08.016 10.1002/14651858.CD013686.pub2 10.1016/j.ajic.2010.11.007 10.1080/20002297.2021.1978731 10.14744/eej.2020.38258 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.08.008 10.1902/jop.2013.120616 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.012 10.1002/bjs.11842 10.1007/978-1-62703-736-5_2 10.15713/ins.jmrps.49 10.1177/0022034520967933 10.20344/amp.14108 10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101584 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00587 10.3389/fmed.2021.600769 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.06.009 10.1007/s40496-018-0201-3 10.14219/jada.archive.1994.0093 10.1055/s-0040-1716438 10.3205/dgkh000238 10.5001/omj.2014.92 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30313-5 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1039_19 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07346 |
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Copyright | Copyright © 2022 Gund, Naim, Hannig, Halfmann, Gärtner, Boros and Rupf. Copyright © 2022 Gund, Naim, Hannig, Halfmann, Gärtner, Boros and Rupf. 2022 Gund, Naim, Hannig, Halfmann, Gärtner, Boros and Rupf |
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Keywords | COVID-19 chx surgical mask aerosols dentistry microbiology infection control face shield |
Language | English |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 This article was submitted to Healthcare Professions Education, a section of the journal Frontiers in Medicine Edited by: Fabian Cieplik, University Medical Center Regensburg, Germany Reviewed by: Ali Al-Ahmad, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; Polly H. M. Leung, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China |
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Snippet | Bacterial contamination on surgical masks puts a threat to medical staff and patients. The aim of the study was to investigate its contamination during dental... Background Bacterial contamination on surgical masks puts a threat to medical staff and patients. The aim of the study was to investigate its contamination... BackgroundBacterial contamination on surgical masks puts a threat to medical staff and patients. The aim of the study was to investigate its contamination... |
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StartPage | 896308 |
SubjectTerms | aerosols COVID-19 dentistry infection control Medicine microbiology surgical mask |
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Title | CHX and a Face Shield Cannot Prevent Contamination of Surgical Masks |
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