Informal Reasoning and Burden of Proof
Informal arguments occur in casual discourse and typically feature participants trying to convince each other (or a third party) of their positions. As an argument progresses, one participant can accrue more burden of proof—will have to do more to prove he or she is correct. Some past studies have s...
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| Published in | Applied cognitive psychology Vol. 10; no. 7; pp. 3 - 16 |
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| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
West Sussex
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
01.11.1996
Wiley |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0888-4080 1099-0720 |
| DOI | 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199611)10:7<3::AID-ACP434>3.0.CO;2-7 |
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| Abstract | Informal arguments occur in casual discourse and typically feature participants trying to convince each other (or a third party) of their positions. As an argument progresses, one participant can accrue more burden of proof—will have to do more to prove he or she is correct. Some past studies have shown that evidence presented first is more effective than later evidence (primacy), while others have found that evidence presented last is more effective (recency). These studies largely focused on lists of evidence, however, and not on structured, persuasive dialogues. In the current experiments, subjects read dialogues between two speakers having a dispute. They then chose the participant with the greater burden of proof. The results demonstrated that burden of proof increases for the participant who offers the first claim in an argument (anti‐primacy) and sometimes decreases for the participant who offers a final challenge (e.g., What's your evidence?). These results suggest strategies that can help participants gain advantages in disputes and that may assist judges in avoiding bias while evaluating arguments. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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| AbstractList | Informal arguments occur in casual discourse and typically feature participants trying to convince each other (or a third party) of their positions. As an argument progresses, one participant can accrue more burden of proof—will have to do more to prove he or she is correct. Some past studies have shown that evidence presented first is more effective than later evidence (primacy), while others have found that evidence presented last is more effective (recency). These studies largely focused on lists of evidence, however, and not on structured, persuasive dialogues. In the current experiments, subjects read dialogues between two speakers having a dispute. They then chose the participant with the greater burden of proof. The results demonstrated that burden of proof increases for the participant who offers the first claim in an argument (anti‐primacy) and sometimes decreases for the participant who offers a final challenge (e.g., What's your evidence?). These results suggest strategies that can help participants gain advantages in disputes and that may assist judges in avoiding bias while evaluating arguments. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
| Author | BAILENSON, JEREMY N. RIPS, LANCE J. |
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| References_xml | – reference: Hogarth, R. M. and Einhorn, H. J. (1992). Order effects in belief updating: the belief-adjustment model. Cognitive Psychology, 24, 1-55. – reference: Kieras, D. E. (1978). Good and bad structure in simple paragraphs: effects on apparent theme, reading time, and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 13-28. – reference: Kuhn, D. (1991). The skills of argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. – reference: Kelman, H. C. and Hovland, C. I. (1953) "Reinstatement" of the communicator in delayed measurement of opinion change. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48, 327-335. – reference: Gaskins, R. H. (1992). Burdens of proof in modern discourse. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. – reference: Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. – reference: Clark, H. H. and Schaefer, E. F. (1989). Contributing to discourse. Cognitive Science, 13, 259-194. – reference: Hovland, C. I. and Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source-credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, 635-650. – reference: Nisbett, R. and Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. – reference: Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. – reference: Anderson, N. H. (1981). Foundations of information integration theory. London: Academic Press. – reference: Toulmin, S. E. (1958). The uses of argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. – reference: Lewis, D. (1979). Score keeping in a language game. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 8, 339-359. – reference: Mandler, G. and Mandler, J. M. (1964). Serial position effects in sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 3, 195-202. – reference: Agresti, A. (1990). Categorical data analysis. New York: Wiley. – reference: Reichman-Adar, R. (1984). Extended person-machine interface. Artificial Intelligence, 22, 157-218. – reference: Koch, G. G., Landis, J. R., Freeman, J. L., Freeman, D. H. and Lehnen, R. G. (1977). A general methodology for the analysis of experiments with repeated measurement of categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 133-158. – reference: Chaiken, S. (1979). Communicator physical attractiveness and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1387-1397. – reference: Wigmore, J. H. (1935). A student's textbook of the law of evidence. Brooklyn: The Foundation Press. – year: 1958 – year: 1981 – volume: 24 start-page: 1 year: 1992 end-page: 55 article-title: Order effects in belief updating: the belief‐adjustment model publication-title: Cognitive Psychology – volume: 3 start-page: 195 year: 1964 end-page: 202 article-title: Serial position effects in sentences publication-title: Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior – year: 1935 – year: 1980 – volume: 17 start-page: 13 year: 1978 end-page: 28 article-title: Good and bad structure in simple paragraphs: effects on apparent theme, reading time, and recall publication-title: Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior – volume: 2 start-page: 233 year: 1985 end-page: 346 – start-page: 139 year: 1994 end-page: 155 – volume: 8 start-page: 339 year: 1979 end-page: 359 article-title: Score keeping in a language game publication-title: Journal of Philosophical Logic – year: 1987 – year: 1989 – volume: 37 start-page: 1387 year: 1979 end-page: 1397 article-title: Communicator physical attractiveness and persuasion publication-title: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology – volume: 15 start-page: 635 year: 1951 end-page: 650 article-title: The influence of source‐credibility on communication effectiveness publication-title: Public Opinion Quarterly – volume: 48 start-page: 327 year: 1953 end-page: 335 article-title: “Reinstatement” of the communicator in delayed measurement of opinion change publication-title: Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology – volume: 22 start-page: 157 year: 1984 end-page: 218 article-title: Extended person‐machine interface publication-title: Artificial Intelligence – year: 1991 – year: 1990 – year: 1992 – volume: 33 start-page: 133 year: 1977 end-page: 158 article-title: A general methodology for the analysis of experiments with repeated measurement of categorical data publication-title: Biometrics – start-page: 271 year: 1995 end-page: 276 – volume: 13 start-page: 259 year: 1989 end-page: 194 article-title: Contributing to discourse publication-title: Cognitive Science |
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