Characterization of organic materials in the decoration of ornamental structures in the Alhambra monumental ensemble using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
The identification of the organic material used in the polychrome decorations of Alhambra complex was carried out in this investigation. Samples from motifs painted on different types of supports, namely marble, wood, and gypsum, were studied. In this way, a comparison on the organic materials used...
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| Published in | Microchemical journal Vol. 140; pp. 14 - 23 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Elsevier B.V
01.07.2018
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| Abstract | The identification of the organic material used in the polychrome decorations of Alhambra complex was carried out in this investigation. Samples from motifs painted on different types of supports, namely marble, wood, and gypsum, were studied. In this way, a comparison on the organic materials used in the marble capitals of the columns from different sites (Hall of the Abencerrages, Hall of the Mexuar, The Court of the Myrtles and the Court of the Main Canal), the Nasrid polychrome wooden ceilings of the Hall of the Abencerrages and the gypsum mocarabes in the plaster decorations of the Hall of the Kings was achieved. This is the first wide scientific study regarding the organic materials employed in the execution of the most representative decorative revetments in the Alhambra monument.
Despite the small amount of sample and the complex history of interventions in the monument (both documented and not), results obtained with GC-MS show that proteinaceous materials were mainly used as binders in the different supports and periods studied being animal glue identified in almost all cases. Moreover, wax and lipid materials were also found in the samples from the ceilings, probably as restoration materials applied on the surface of the polychromes on wood. These results shed light on the painting techniques in this extraordinary example of Muslim art in its final European stages, thus contributing to provide scientific information about the still little studied medieval Islamic art.
•Interdisciplinary investigations of decorative revetments in the palatine city of the Alhambra (UNESCO World Heritage Site)•First wide scientific study regarding the organic materials employed in the polychrome decoration of ornamental structures•Nasrid artists employed animal glue as the main binder for colored paint layers both on marble capitals and wooden ceilings•Saccharide material was identified in plasterwork samples being tragacanth gum and honey hypothesized as the probable sources |
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| AbstractList | The identification of the organic material used in the polychrome decorations of Alhambra complex was carried out in this investigation. Samples from motifs painted on different types of supports, namely marble, wood, and gypsum, were studied. In this way, a comparison on the organic materials used in the marble capitals of the columns from different sites (Hall of the Abencerrages, Hall of the Mexuar, The Court of the Myrtles and the Court of the Main Canal), the Nasrid polychrome wooden ceilings of the Hall of the Abencerrages and the gypsum mocarabes in the plaster decorations of the Hall of the Kings was achieved. This is the first wide scientific study regarding the organic materials employed in the execution of the most representative decorative revetments in the Alhambra monument.
Despite the small amount of sample and the complex history of interventions in the monument (both documented and not), results obtained with GC-MS show that proteinaceous materials were mainly used as binders in the different supports and periods studied being animal glue identified in almost all cases. Moreover, wax and lipid materials were also found in the samples from the ceilings, probably as restoration materials applied on the surface of the polychromes on wood. These results shed light on the painting techniques in this extraordinary example of Muslim art in its final European stages, thus contributing to provide scientific information about the still little studied medieval Islamic art.
•Interdisciplinary investigations of decorative revetments in the palatine city of the Alhambra (UNESCO World Heritage Site)•First wide scientific study regarding the organic materials employed in the polychrome decoration of ornamental structures•Nasrid artists employed animal glue as the main binder for colored paint layers both on marble capitals and wooden ceilings•Saccharide material was identified in plasterwork samples being tragacanth gum and honey hypothesized as the probable sources |
| Author | Correa-Gómez, Elena Arjonilla, Paz Rubio-Domene, Ramón Ayora-Cañada, María José Domínguez-Vidal, Ana Lluveras-Tenorio, Anna Colombini, Maria Perla |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Paz surname: Arjonilla fullname: Arjonilla, Paz email: mpurena@ujaen.es organization: Universidad de Jaén, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, (Spain) – sequence: 2 givenname: Ana surname: Domínguez-Vidal fullname: Domínguez-Vidal, Ana organization: Universidad de Jaén, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, (Spain) – sequence: 3 givenname: Elena surname: Correa-Gómez fullname: Correa-Gómez, Elena organization: Conservation Department, Council of the Alhambra and Generalife, Granada, Spain – sequence: 4 givenname: Ramón surname: Rubio-Domene fullname: Rubio-Domene, Ramón organization: Conservation Department, Council of the Alhambra and Generalife, Granada, Spain – sequence: 5 givenname: Anna surname: Lluveras-Tenorio fullname: Lluveras-Tenorio, Anna organization: Laboratory of Chemical Science for Safeguarding the Cultural Heritage, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy – sequence: 6 givenname: María José orcidid: 0000-0003-2309-7274 surname: Ayora-Cañada fullname: Ayora-Cañada, María José email: mjayora@ujaen.es organization: Universidad de Jaén, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Campus Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, (Spain) – sequence: 7 givenname: Maria Perla surname: Colombini fullname: Colombini, Maria Perla organization: Laboratory of Chemical Science for Safeguarding the Cultural Heritage, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy |
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| Keywords | Gypsum Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Wood Binders Marble Alhambra |
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| Title | Characterization of organic materials in the decoration of ornamental structures in the Alhambra monumental ensemble using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) |
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