Solvent extraction of metals: Role of ionic liquids and microfluidics

•Up-to-date progress of the metal extraction process.•Solvents and technologies were used in conventional and current extraction methods.•Important parameters in the process and how effective each method is.•The advantages of new emerging reactors over the conventional ones. Microfluidic technology...

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Published inSeparation and purification technology Vol. 262; p. 118289
Main Authors Asrami, Mahdieh Razi, Tran, Nam Nghiep, Nigam, Krishna Deo Prasad, Hessel, Volker
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier B.V 01.05.2021
Subjects
Coiled flow inverter
Ionic liquids
Metal ion extraction
Microfluidics
Microreactors
Process intensification
MIBK
Coiled flow inverter
P204
[C101][Cl]
[A324H][Cl]
[HBBIm]Br
[OcGBOEt][DHDGA]
[C4min][N88SA]
HEH(EHP)
Metal ion extraction
[Emim][Cl]
[C4Py][N88SA]
Microreactors
Cyphos IL 101 or P66614Cl
LIX 84
[A336][DHDGA]
EHEHPA
TBP
[HOEmim][NTf2]
P88812Cl
[Emim][NTf2]
TOA
4PC
D2EHPA
LIX63
DC18C6
Process intensification
[C4mim][PF6]
[C8mim][PF6]
PC-88A
[diHTMG]Br
Cyphos 102
[Bmim][NTf2]
Ref
[P44414][Cl]
Ionic liquids
AD-100
DEH PA
Microfluidics
[PJMTH][HSO4]
Online AccessGet full text

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Abstract •Up-to-date progress of the metal extraction process.•Solvents and technologies were used in conventional and current extraction methods.•Important parameters in the process and how effective each method is.•The advantages of new emerging reactors over the conventional ones. Microfluidic technology has attracted great interest across industry and academia. Its engineering characteristics, through miniaturization, can enhance mass- and heat transfer rates together with allowing operation at high concentrations. Combining this technology with a green designer solvent is one of the most recent advances in separation processes. Ionic liquids have negligible volatility and flammability and have an exceptionally large chemical diversity space, which these days can be better utilised through solvent modelling. Ionic liquids have been demonstrated to increase the efficiency and selectivity of extraction by orders of magnitude. Different types of microfluidic devices have been designed until now, and among those, the segmented flow with alternate regular slugs is the most prominent. Helical coiling can further intensify the internal recirculation by convection, which is the motor of the advanced mass transfer. This is done by liberating Dean forces. A device that leverages such mass transfer intensification in the best possible way is the Coiled flow inverter (CFI) (Saxena Nigam, 1984) [1]. The coil periodicity is just 4 turnings, and then the winding direction is inversed, e.g. changed from clockwise to counter-clockwise, and this is repeated multiple times. The CFI extraction performance is typically much better than for a straight and a non-inverted helical capillary. Separation of metals using liquid–liquid extraction methodology is an important research subject of large economical relevance. The common types of equipment in metal extraction have some disadvantages such as long mixing time and huge plant footprint for the coalescence of the multi-phase, which might take very long due to emulsion formation. In this regard, microfluidic devices and ionic liquids provide an alternative as more compact, more efficient, and faster technology. This review shall help researchers to understand the recent improvement in metal extraction processes, and what the addition of disruptive technology can add to an industrial transformation.
AbstractList •Up-to-date progress of the metal extraction process.•Solvents and technologies were used in conventional and current extraction methods.•Important parameters in the process and how effective each method is.•The advantages of new emerging reactors over the conventional ones. Microfluidic technology has attracted great interest across industry and academia. Its engineering characteristics, through miniaturization, can enhance mass- and heat transfer rates together with allowing operation at high concentrations. Combining this technology with a green designer solvent is one of the most recent advances in separation processes. Ionic liquids have negligible volatility and flammability and have an exceptionally large chemical diversity space, which these days can be better utilised through solvent modelling. Ionic liquids have been demonstrated to increase the efficiency and selectivity of extraction by orders of magnitude. Different types of microfluidic devices have been designed until now, and among those, the segmented flow with alternate regular slugs is the most prominent. Helical coiling can further intensify the internal recirculation by convection, which is the motor of the advanced mass transfer. This is done by liberating Dean forces. A device that leverages such mass transfer intensification in the best possible way is the Coiled flow inverter (CFI) (Saxena Nigam, 1984) [1]. The coil periodicity is just 4 turnings, and then the winding direction is inversed, e.g. changed from clockwise to counter-clockwise, and this is repeated multiple times. The CFI extraction performance is typically much better than for a straight and a non-inverted helical capillary. Separation of metals using liquid–liquid extraction methodology is an important research subject of large economical relevance. The common types of equipment in metal extraction have some disadvantages such as long mixing time and huge plant footprint for the coalescence of the multi-phase, which might take very long due to emulsion formation. In this regard, microfluidic devices and ionic liquids provide an alternative as more compact, more efficient, and faster technology. This review shall help researchers to understand the recent improvement in metal extraction processes, and what the addition of disruptive technology can add to an industrial transformation.
ArticleNumber 118289
Author Tran, Nam Nghiep
Hessel, Volker
Asrami, Mahdieh Razi
Nigam, Krishna Deo Prasad
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Mahdieh Razi
  surname: Asrami
  fullname: Asrami, Mahdieh Razi
  organization: School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Nam Nghiep
  surname: Tran
  fullname: Tran, Nam Nghiep
  email: namnghiep.tran@adelaide.edu.au
  organization: School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Krishna Deo Prasad
  surname: Nigam
  fullname: Nigam, Krishna Deo Prasad
  organization: Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110001, India
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Volker
  surname: Hessel
  fullname: Hessel, Volker
  email: volker.hessel@adelaide.edu.au
  organization: School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Keywords MIBK
Coiled flow inverter
P204
[C101][Cl]
[A324H][Cl]
[HBBIm]Br
[OcGBOEt][DHDGA]
[C4min][N88SA]
HEH(EHP)
Metal ion extraction
[Emim][Cl]
[C4Py][N88SA]
Microreactors
Cyphos IL 101 or P66614Cl
LIX 84
[A336][DHDGA]
EHEHPA
TBP
[HOEmim][NTf2]
P88812Cl
[Emim][NTf2]
TOA
4PC
D2EHPA
LIX63
DC18C6
Process intensification
[C4mim][PF6]
[C8mim][PF6]
PC-88A
[diHTMG]Br
Cyphos 102
[Bmim][NTf2]
Ref
[P44414][Cl]
Ionic liquids
AD-100
DEH PA
Microfluidics
[PJMTH][HSO4]
Language English
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Snippet •Up-to-date progress of the metal extraction process.•Solvents and technologies were used in conventional and current extraction methods.•Important parameters...
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StartPage 118289
SubjectTerms Coiled flow inverter
Ionic liquids
Metal ion extraction
Microfluidics
Microreactors
Process intensification
Title Solvent extraction of metals: Role of ionic liquids and microfluidics
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118289
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