A network spatial analysis simulating response time to calls for service at variable staffing levels A case study on strategic police defunding in the city of Chicago
In light of recent events, there has been a surge in discussions of defunding police. On one hand, policy that reduces police presence aims to reduce frequency of police violence. On the other hand, downsizing the police force triggers concerns of public safety and police response time. In this work...
Saved in:
| Published in | The European physical journal. ST, Special topics Vol. 231; no. 9; pp. 1645 - 1653 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Berlin/Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
01.07.2022
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | In light of recent events, there has been a surge in discussions of defunding police. On one hand, policy that reduces police presence aims to reduce frequency of police violence. On the other hand, downsizing the police force triggers concerns of public safety and police response time. In this work, we use spatial analysis to examine the impact a reduced police force may have on response time. Modeling the transportation system of Chicago as a network, we simulate the response of police officers from stations to incidents. We then use this simulation to calculate the impacts of resource re-allocation from police to alternate responders. Using Chicago’s large, open-source police incident response database, we use our simulation to predict how the response time changes subject to various crime and policing scenarios. Our model suggests that the current response time distribution can be maintained with a 30–60% reduction in police staffing levels if some incidents are re-allocated to alternate responders. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | In light of recent events, there has been a surge in discussions of defunding police. On one hand, policy that reduces police presence aims to reduce frequency of police violence. On the other hand, downsizing the police force triggers concerns of public safety and police response time. In this work, we use spatial analysis to examine the impact a reduced police force may have on response time. Modeling the transportation system of Chicago as a network, we simulate the response of police officers from stations to incidents. We then use this simulation to calculate the impacts of resource re-allocation from police to alternate responders. Using Chicago’s large, open-source police incident response database, we use our simulation to predict how the response time changes subject to various crime and policing scenarios. Our model suggests that the current response time distribution can be maintained with a 30–60% reduction in police staffing levels if some incidents are re-allocated to alternate responders. |
| Author | Kato, Dylan Clark, Callie Dangwal, Chitra Gonzalez, Marta |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Callie orcidid: 0000-0002-4958-3433 surname: Clark fullname: Clark, Callie email: callieclark@nyu.edu organization: New York University – sequence: 2 givenname: Chitra surname: Dangwal fullname: Dangwal, Chitra organization: University of California – sequence: 3 givenname: Dylan surname: Kato fullname: Kato, Dylan organization: University of California – sequence: 4 givenname: Marta surname: Gonzalez fullname: Gonzalez, Marta organization: University of California |
| BookMark | eNqNkM9OwzAMhyM0JLbBM5AXKMRN0zUHDtPEP2kSFzhHaepMGVk7xd3Q3p6OwYULXGzrJ322_E3YqO1aZOwaxA1AIW5xu6ZbApjJIhM5ZELIosjgjI1BK8jKQsDoZ5ZKXbAJ0VoIVeZajlkz5y32H11657S1fbCR29bGAwXiFDa7OGTtiiekbdcS8j5shtJxZ2Mk7rvECdM-OOS253ubgq0jcuqt90cu4h4jXbJzbyPh1XefsreH-9fFU7Z8eXxezJeZk6LsM9VYqXylyhJzAOU0akDvqloKl6tKlLrQlSpyrJXIaydm1jfQoMt1iU67Qk7Z7LTXpY4ooTfbFDY2HQwIc5RljrLMSZYZZJkvWQYG8u4X6UI_vN61fbIh_oOvTjwNF9sVJrPudmkQSX-inzxLiMw |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1140_epjs_s11734_022_00581_y |
| Cites_doi | 10.1177/1098611116658875 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024534 10.1038/s41598-020-70808-2 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004 10.1038/nature03459 10.1609/aaai.v29i1.9238 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0341:LNDATS]2.0.CO;2 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION |
| DOI | 10.1140/epjs/s11734-021-00344-1 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Physics |
| EISSN | 1951-6401 |
| EndPage | 1653 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1140_epjs_s11734_021_00344_1 |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: National Science Foundation grantid: DGE 1752814; DGE 1752814 funderid: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001 |
| GroupedDBID | -5F -5G -BR -EM -Y2 -~C .86 .VR 06D 0R~ 123 199 1N0 203 29G 29~ 2J2 2JY 2KG 2KM 2LR 30V 4.4 406 408 40D 40E 67Z 6NX 78A 8UJ 95- 95. 95~ 96X AAAVM AABHQ AACDK AAHNG AAJBT AAJKR AANZL AARTL AASML AATNV AATVU AAUYE AAYIU AAYQN ABAKF ABDZT ABECU ABFTV ABHLI ABHQN ABJNI ABJOX ABKCH ABMNI ABMQK ABNWP ABQBU ABSXP ABTEG ABTHY ABTKH ABTMW ABWNU ABXPI ACAOD ACDTI ACGFS ACHSB ACHXU ACKNC ACMDZ ACMLO ACOKC ACPIV ACZOJ ADHIR ADINQ ADKNI ADKPE ADTPH ADURQ ADYFF ADZKW AEFQL AEGNC AEJHL AEJRE AEKMD AEMSY AEOHA AEPYU AESKC AETLH AEVLU AEXYK AFFNX AFQWF AFWTZ AFZKB AGDGC AGJBK AGMZJ AGQEE AGQMX AGRTI AGWIL AGWZB AGYKE AHAVH AHSBF AHYZX AIGIU AIIXL AILAN AITGF AJBLW AJRNO AJZVZ ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALWAN AMKLP AMXSW AMYLF AOCGG ARMRJ ASPBG AVWKF AXYYD AYJHY AZFZN B-. BA0 BDATZ BGNMA BSONS CAG COF CSCUP DDRTE DNIVK DPUIP EBS EIOEI EJD ESBYG F5P FEDTE FERAY FFXSO FIGPU FINBP FNLPD FRRFC FSGXE FWDCC GGCAI GGRSB GJIRD GNWQR GQ6 GQ7 H13 HF~ HG5 HG6 HLICF HMJXF HRMNR HVGLF HZ~ IKXTQ IWAJR IXC IXD IXE IZQ I~X I~Z J-C J0Z JBSCW JZLTJ KDC KOV LLZTM M4Y MA- NPVJJ NQJWS NU0 O9- O93 O9J P9T PF0 QOS R89 RED RNS ROL RPX RSV S16 S1Z S27 S3B SAP SDH SHX SISQX SJYHP SNE SNPRN SNX SOHCF SOJ SPH SPISZ SRMVM SSLCW STPWE SZN T13 TSG TSK TSV TUC U2A UG4 UOJIU UTJUX UZXMN VC2 VFIZW W48 WK8 YLTOR Z45 Z5O Z7R Z7S Z7V Z7X Z7Y Z7Z Z83 Z85 Z88 ZMTXR 2JN AAPKM AAYXX ABBRH ABDBE AFDZB AFOHR AHPBZ ATHPR AYFIA CITATION |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c306t-5da35f8566e2115c9e91efc8b30c258069498542eb502bc07afd1dec296ec9c43 |
| IEDL.DBID | U2A |
| ISSN | 1951-6355 |
| IngestDate | Tue Jul 01 02:33:01 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:13:18 EDT 2025 Fri Feb 21 02:44:54 EST 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 9 |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c306t-5da35f8566e2115c9e91efc8b30c258069498542eb502bc07afd1dec296ec9c43 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4958-3433 |
| PageCount | 9 |
| ParticipantIDs | crossref_primary_10_1140_epjs_s11734_021_00344_1 crossref_citationtrail_10_1140_epjs_s11734_021_00344_1 springer_journals_10_1140_epjs_s11734_021_00344_1 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2022-07-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2022-07-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 07 year: 2022 text: 2022-07-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Berlin/Heidelberg |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Berlin/Heidelberg |
| PublicationTitle | The European physical journal. ST, Special topics |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top |
| PublicationYear | 2022 |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| References | J. Asher, B. Horwitz, How Do the Police Actually Spend Their Time? New York Times (2019) J. Lauritsen, N. White, Bureau of Justice Statistics (Seasonal Patterns in Criminal Victimization Trends, Special Report (2014) U.S. Department of Justice, OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book (2018) ShermanSAMany Cities are Rethinking the Police, But What are the Alternatives?2020Urban EdgeKinder Institute for Urban Research BarabasiAlbert-LaszloNature20054352072112005Natur.435..207B10.1038/nature03459 WoodJDWatsonAFulambarkerAPolice Q.2017208110510.1177/1098611116658875 Chicago Research and Development Division, 2011 Murder Analysis Report (2011) E. Westervelt, Removing Cops From Behavioral Crisis Calls: ’We Need To Change The Model’ (NPR.org, 2020) ACLU Illinois, Newly-Released Data Shows City Continues to Deny Equitable Police Services to South and West Side Neighborhoods (2014) A. Jones, W. Sawyer, Not Just “A Few Bad Apples”: U.S. Police Kill Civilians at Much Higher Rates than Other Countries (Policy Initiative-Prison Policy, 2019) A. Sterling, Police killed over 1,000 American civilians in 2019. Forbes (2019) . https://www.forbes.com/sites/amysterling/2020/07/01/police-killed-over-1000-american-civilians-in-2019/?sh=5eb09e18667e R. Ray, What Does ‘Defund the Police’ Mean and Does it Have Merit? (The Brookings Institution, 2020) De NadaiMXuYLetouzéESci. Rep.2020101387110.1038/s41598-020-70808-2 J. McCabe, ICMA Center for Public Safety Management (How Many Officers do You Really Need, An Analysis of Police Department Staffing (2013) BoeingGComput. Environ. Urban Syst.20176512613910.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004 Portland Police Bureau, Introduction to Calls for Service (2020). https://www.portlandoregon.gov/police/article/676725. Accessed 25 June 2021 S. Saisubramanian, P. Varakantham, H.C. Lau, in Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 29, no. 1 (2015) T. Bouhoun, Optimizing Ambulance Response Time Using Uber Movement Data (Towards Data Science,2019) S. Holder, F. Akinnibi, C. Cannon, We Have Not Defunded Anything’: Big Cities Boost Police Budgets (Bloomberg, 2020) FitzpatrickDGorrWNeillDAnnu. Rev. Criminol.2019247349110.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024534 LimpertEStahelWAAbbtMBioScience200151534135210.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0341:LNDATS]2.0.CO;2 S. Sinyangwe, Mapping police violence (2020). https://mappingpoliceviolence.org M. Eloy, Chicago Police Response Time is Down in 2012 (WBEX Chicago, 2012) E Limpert (344_CR14) 2001; 51 M De Nadai (344_CR7) 2020; 10 Albert-Laszlo Barabasi (344_CR16) 2005; 435 344_CR15 JD Wood (344_CR18) 2017; 20 D Fitzpatrick (344_CR23) 2019; 2 344_CR12 344_CR13 344_CR10 344_CR21 344_CR11 344_CR22 G Boeing (344_CR20) 2017; 65 344_CR1 344_CR2 344_CR19 344_CR5 344_CR6 344_CR3 SA Sherman (344_CR17) 2020 344_CR4 344_CR9 344_CR8 |
| References_xml | – reference: E. Westervelt, Removing Cops From Behavioral Crisis Calls: ’We Need To Change The Model’ (NPR.org, 2020) – reference: U.S. Department of Justice, OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book (2018) – reference: FitzpatrickDGorrWNeillDAnnu. Rev. Criminol.2019247349110.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024534 – reference: S. Holder, F. Akinnibi, C. Cannon, We Have Not Defunded Anything’: Big Cities Boost Police Budgets (Bloomberg, 2020) – reference: J. Asher, B. Horwitz, How Do the Police Actually Spend Their Time? New York Times (2019) – reference: T. Bouhoun, Optimizing Ambulance Response Time Using Uber Movement Data (Towards Data Science,2019) – reference: De NadaiMXuYLetouzéESci. Rep.2020101387110.1038/s41598-020-70808-2 – reference: J. McCabe, ICMA Center for Public Safety Management (How Many Officers do You Really Need, An Analysis of Police Department Staffing (2013) – reference: WoodJDWatsonAFulambarkerAPolice Q.2017208110510.1177/1098611116658875 – reference: S. Sinyangwe, Mapping police violence (2020). https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/ – reference: A. Jones, W. Sawyer, Not Just “A Few Bad Apples”: U.S. Police Kill Civilians at Much Higher Rates than Other Countries (Policy Initiative-Prison Policy, 2019) – reference: R. Ray, What Does ‘Defund the Police’ Mean and Does it Have Merit? (The Brookings Institution, 2020) – reference: A. Sterling, Police killed over 1,000 American civilians in 2019. Forbes (2019) . https://www.forbes.com/sites/amysterling/2020/07/01/police-killed-over-1000-american-civilians-in-2019/?sh=5eb09e18667e – reference: ACLU Illinois, Newly-Released Data Shows City Continues to Deny Equitable Police Services to South and West Side Neighborhoods (2014) – reference: Portland Police Bureau, Introduction to Calls for Service (2020). https://www.portlandoregon.gov/police/article/676725. Accessed 25 June 2021 – reference: J. Lauritsen, N. White, Bureau of Justice Statistics (Seasonal Patterns in Criminal Victimization Trends, Special Report (2014) – reference: M. Eloy, Chicago Police Response Time is Down in 2012 (WBEX Chicago, 2012) – reference: BoeingGComput. Environ. Urban Syst.20176512613910.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004 – reference: ShermanSAMany Cities are Rethinking the Police, But What are the Alternatives?2020Urban EdgeKinder Institute for Urban Research – reference: S. Saisubramanian, P. Varakantham, H.C. Lau, in Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 29, no. 1 (2015) – reference: LimpertEStahelWAAbbtMBioScience200151534135210.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0341:LNDATS]2.0.CO;2 – reference: BarabasiAlbert-LaszloNature20054352072112005Natur.435..207B10.1038/nature03459 – reference: Chicago Research and Development Division, 2011 Murder Analysis Report (2011) – ident: 344_CR10 – ident: 344_CR11 – volume: 20 start-page: 81 year: 2017 ident: 344_CR18 publication-title: Police Q. doi: 10.1177/1098611116658875 – ident: 344_CR12 – ident: 344_CR13 – volume: 2 start-page: 473 year: 2019 ident: 344_CR23 publication-title: Annu. Rev. Criminol. doi: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024534 – volume: 10 start-page: 13871 year: 2020 ident: 344_CR7 publication-title: Sci. Rep. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70808-2 – volume: 65 start-page: 126 year: 2017 ident: 344_CR20 publication-title: Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. doi: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004 – ident: 344_CR5 – volume: 435 start-page: 207 year: 2005 ident: 344_CR16 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature03459 – ident: 344_CR22 – ident: 344_CR6 – ident: 344_CR21 – ident: 344_CR2 – ident: 344_CR8 – ident: 344_CR1 – ident: 344_CR3 – ident: 344_CR4 – ident: 344_CR9 doi: 10.1609/aaai.v29i1.9238 – volume: 51 start-page: 341 issue: 5 year: 2001 ident: 344_CR14 publication-title: BioScience doi: 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0341:LNDATS]2.0.CO;2 – ident: 344_CR15 – volume-title: Many Cities are Rethinking the Police, But What are the Alternatives? year: 2020 ident: 344_CR17 – ident: 344_CR19 |
| SSID | ssj0056293 |
| Score | 2.3093343 |
| Snippet | In light of recent events, there has been a surge in discussions of defunding police. On one hand, policy that reduces police presence aims to reduce frequency... |
| SourceID | crossref springer |
| SourceType | Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 1645 |
| SubjectTerms | Atomic Classical and Continuum Physics Complex Urban Systems Condensed Matter Physics Materials Science Measurement Science and Instrumentation Molecular Optical and Plasma Physics Physics Physics and Astronomy Regular Article |
| Subtitle | A case study on strategic police defunding in the city of Chicago |
| Title | A network spatial analysis simulating response time to calls for service at variable staffing levels |
| URI | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjs/s11734-021-00344-1 |
| Volume | 231 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV07T8MwELZQKyQWxFOUR-WBNWrsxE08RqhQgWCiUpmsxA8EKmlVB34_PjtBdKESey7Dd_Y95O_uQ-g6k0lmpOtOOM10lDJjoqpiKjIlcGrG7ph4sYnHp_F0lt7P2fy31Bew3bsnSR-pwz7beKRX73ZkCcmSNAJegV9WF7nGp8-ggXdHeUaLLgi7rO737RJQkYec2lK7_vjRZmLafBX1yeb2AO23VSIuglsP0Y6uj9CuZ2tKe4xUgetA38YWGNHu07JdLoLt24dX5Kpf8TrwXzUGAXncLLHzx8JiV6ZiG0IELhv85bplmJ_Crk40BuwWQCSyJ2h2O3m-mUatXEIkXd3fREyVCTO5q8-0A5hJrjnRRuZVEkvKcphw5TlLqa5YTCsZZ6VRRGlJ-VhLLtPkFPXqZa3PYJBbx8aQRDHQptZ5pSueKxkrKhOqeDZA4w4rIdtd4iBpsRBhzjkWALIIIAsHsvAgCzJA8Y_hKqzT2G5COmeI9n7ZbTbn_7C5QHsURhs8FfcS9Zr1p75yBUdTDVG_uHt5mAz9EfsG8FXPuA |
| linkProvider | Springer Nature |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV07T8MwELZQEYIF8RTl6YE1auLEeYwVoirQdmqlblb8QqCSVnXg9-OzE0QXKrHnMtzZd9_J392H0H0m4kwL250UJFNBQrUOOKcy0CVwalJ7TJzYxHiSDmfJ85zOf0t9Adu9fZJ0mdrvsw17avVueiaKsjgJgFfgltUFtvHZtYggBzbXjPTbJGyrutu3G4GKPNTUhtr1x482C9Pmq6grNoMjdNigRNz3YT1GO6o6QXuOrSnMKZJ9XHn6NjbAiLafls1yEWzePpwiV_WK157_qjAIyON6iW08FgZbmIqNTxG4rPGX7ZZhfgpbnKg12C2ASGTO0GzwOH0YBo1cQiAs7q8DKsuY6tziM2UdTEWhikhpkfM4FITmMOFa5DQhitOQcBFmpZaRVIIUqRKFSOJz1KmWlbqAQW4Vah3FkoI2tcq54kUuRSiJiIkssi5KW18x0ewSB0mLBfNzziEDJzPvZGadzJyTWdRF4Y_hyq_T2G4StcFgzf0y22wu_2Fzh_aH0_GIjZ4mL1fogMCYg6PlXqNOvf5UNxZ81PzWHbNvWVzRFw |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV05T8MwFLaqIhAL4hTl9MAa1XbiHGMFrcpVMVCpm5X4QKCSVnXg9-PnJEhdqMSel-H5eO_J34HQTSLDxEg3nWQs0UHEjQmKgqvA5ICpid028WYTz5N4PI0eZnzWQcOWC-PR7u2TZM1pAJWmsuovlWm0bUlfLz9s31KahFEAGAMvXBe4IWjL3ckUNveUDdoL2VV4r71LwVEe6msD8_rjR-tFav2F1Bee0T7aazpGPKiX-AB1dHmItj1yU9ojpAa4rKHc2AI62n2aN0Ij2L5_eneu8g2vaiysxmAmj6sFdmszt9i1rNjW1wXOK_ztJmfgUmHXMxoDcXMAFdljNB0NX2_HQWOdEEg3A1QBV3nITep6Ne2SzWWmM6qNTIuQSMZTYLtmKY-YLjhhhSRJbhRVWrIs1jKTUXiCuuWi1KdA6tbEGBoqDj7VOi10kaVKEsVkyFSW9FDc5krIRlcc7C3mouY8EwFJFnWShUuy8EkWtIfIb-CyltbYHELbxRDNWbObYs7-EXONdl7uRuLpfvJ4jnYZMB48QvcCdavVl750fUhVXPld9gOEAdVT |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+network+spatial+analysis+simulating+response+time+to+calls+for+service+at+variable+staffing+levels&rft.jtitle=The+European+physical+journal.+ST%2C+Special+topics&rft.au=Clark%2C+Callie&rft.au=Dangwal%2C+Chitra&rft.au=Kato%2C+Dylan&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Marta&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.issn=1951-6355&rft.eissn=1951-6401&rft.volume=231&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=1645&rft.epage=1653&rft_id=info:doi/10.1140%2Fepjs%2Fs11734-021-00344-1&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1140_epjs_s11734_021_00344_1 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1951-6355&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1951-6355&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1951-6355&client=summon |