Mapping basic properties of Danish sandy soils using on-the-go proximal sensors and terrain attributes

On-the-go proximal soil sensing based on geophysical sensors is increasingly recognized as the ‘gold standard’ in digital soil mapping due to its capacity to generate high-resolution maps of soil properties at the field scale. However, studies of their limitations are scarce. In this study, we evalu...

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Published inGeoderma Regional Vol. 42; p. e00981
Main Authors Khatkar, Ameesh, Beucher, Amélie, Koganti, Triven, Munkholm, Lars Juhl, Lamandé, Mathieu
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier B.V 01.09.2025
Subjects
Bulk density
Clay content
Digital soil mapping
Electromagnetic induction
Gamma ray spectroscopy
Soil water content
Total carbon
Total carbon
PTF
Electromagnetic induction
CPS
RTK
GRS
GPS
LOOCV
nRMSE
PRP
MLR
Soil water content
Gamma ray spectroscopy
Clay content
DOE
OK
Bulk density
EMI
Digital soil mapping
CI
GNSS
DEM
TA
CR
PA
PSS
HCP
LCCC
cLHS
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Abstract On-the-go proximal soil sensing based on geophysical sensors is increasingly recognized as the ‘gold standard’ in digital soil mapping due to its capacity to generate high-resolution maps of soil properties at the field scale. However, studies of their limitations are scarce. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of electromagnetic induction (EMI) and gamma-ray spectroscopy (GRS), along with terrain attributes (TA), to predict four soil properties, i.e. clay content, total carbon, bulk density, and soil water content. Soil samples were collected from the top (15 cm depth) and subsoil (40 cm depth) at 69 points distributed in three sandy arable fields. Soil properties were estimated through multiple linear regression (MLR) and cross-validated using the Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (LOOCV). The MLR models were then filtered based on Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC), coefficient of determination (R2) and normalized root mean square error (nRMSE). The results indicated that estimating the soil properties in sandy soils is challenging, specifically in subsoil, as reliable models were achieved only for topsoil in two fields. Inverting the EMI data improved modelling results compared to using raw EMI data. Despite the challenges encountered, predictors from the EMI and GRS emerged as key contributors to models with the highest performance, indicating the potential of on-the-go geophysical sensors for generating high-resolution digital soil maps.
AbstractList On-the-go proximal soil sensing based on geophysical sensors is increasingly recognized as the ‘gold standard’ in digital soil mapping due to its capacity to generate high-resolution maps of soil properties at the field scale. However, studies of their limitations are scarce. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of electromagnetic induction (EMI) and gamma-ray spectroscopy (GRS), along with terrain attributes (TA), to predict four soil properties, i.e. clay content, total carbon, bulk density, and soil water content. Soil samples were collected from the top (15 cm depth) and subsoil (40 cm depth) at 69 points distributed in three sandy arable fields. Soil properties were estimated through multiple linear regression (MLR) and cross-validated using the Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (LOOCV). The MLR models were then filtered based on Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC), coefficient of determination (R2) and normalized root mean square error (nRMSE). The results indicated that estimating the soil properties in sandy soils is challenging, specifically in subsoil, as reliable models were achieved only for topsoil in two fields. Inverting the EMI data improved modelling results compared to using raw EMI data. Despite the challenges encountered, predictors from the EMI and GRS emerged as key contributors to models with the highest performance, indicating the potential of on-the-go geophysical sensors for generating high-resolution digital soil maps.
ArticleNumber e00981
Author Khatkar, Ameesh
Lamandé, Mathieu
Munkholm, Lars Juhl
Koganti, Triven
Beucher, Amélie
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Keywords Total carbon
PTF
Electromagnetic induction
CPS
RTK
GRS
GPS
LOOCV
nRMSE
PRP
MLR
Soil water content
Gamma ray spectroscopy
Clay content
DOE
OK
Bulk density
EMI
Digital soil mapping
CI
GNSS
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TA
CR
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LCCC
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Snippet On-the-go proximal soil sensing based on geophysical sensors is increasingly recognized as the ‘gold standard’ in digital soil mapping due to its capacity to...
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elsevier
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Publisher
StartPage e00981
SubjectTerms Bulk density
Clay content
Digital soil mapping
Electromagnetic induction
Gamma ray spectroscopy
Soil water content
Total carbon
Title Mapping basic properties of Danish sandy soils using on-the-go proximal sensors and terrain attributes
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00981
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