The Arrangement of Marks Impacts Afforded Messages: Ordering, Partitioning, Spacing, and Coloring in Bar Charts

• Published in: IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics Vol. 30; no. 1; pp. 1 - 11
• Main Authors: Fygenson, Racquel, Franconeri, Steven, Bertini, Enrico
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.01.2024; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Affordances; Bars; Birds; Charts; Coloring; Combinatorial analysis; COVID-19; Data visualization; diagrams and plots; General public; Human-subjects qualitative studies; Human-subjects quantitative studies; Messages; Methodologies; Partitioning; Perception & cognition; Recommender systems; Task analysis; Visualization
• DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2023.3326590
• ISSN: 1077-2626; 1941-0506

Data visualizations present a massive number of potential messages to an observer. One might notice that one group's average is larger than another's, or that a difference in values is smaller than a difference between two others, or any of a combinatorial explosion of other possibilities. The message that a viewer tends to notice - the message that a visualization 'affords' - is strongly affected by how values are arranged in a chart, e.g., how the values are colored or positioned. Although understanding the mapping between a chart's arrangement and what viewers tend to notice is critical for creating guidelines and recommendation systems, current empirical work is insufficient to lay out clear rules. We present a set of empirical evaluations of how different messages-including ranking, grouping, and part-to-whole relationships-are afforded by variations in ordering, partitioning, spacing, and coloring of values, within the ubiquitous case study of bar graphs. In doing so, we introduce a quantitative method that is easily scalable, reviewable, and replicable, laying groundwork for further investigation of the effects of arrangement on message affordances across other visualizations and tasks. Pre-registration and all supplemental materials are available at https://osf.io/np3q7 and https://osf.io/bvy95 , respectively.