Li-Ion Cell Operation at Low Temperatures
Substantially reduced energy and power capabilities of lithium-ion cell operating at low temperatures pose a technical barrier for market penetration of hybrid electric vehicles and pure electric vehicles. The present work delineates Li-ion cell behaviors at low temperatures by a combined experiment...
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| Published in | Journal of the Electrochemical Society Vol. 160; no. 4; pp. A636 - A649 |
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| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
The Electrochemical Society
01.01.2013
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0013-4651 1945-7111 |
| DOI | 10.1149/2.047304jes |
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| Abstract | Substantially reduced energy and power capabilities of lithium-ion cell operating at low temperatures pose a technical barrier for market penetration of hybrid electric vehicles and pure electric vehicles. The present work delineates Li-ion cell behaviors at low temperatures by a combined experimental and modeling approach. An electrochemical-thermal coupled model, incorporating concentration- and temperature-dependent transport and kinetic properties, is applied and validated against 2.2Ah 18650 cylindrical cells over a wide range of temperatures (−20°C to 45°C) and discharge rates. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the dramatic effects of cell self-heating upon electrochemical performance. A nonisothermal Ragone plot accounting for these important thermal effects is proposed for the first time for Li-ion cells and more generally for thermally coupled batteries. Detailed resistance analysis indicates that performance limits at −20°C depend on not only discharge rates but also thermal conditions. Optimization of cell design parameters and material properties is performed for 1 C rate discharge starting from −20°C, where the principal performance limitations are found to be Li+ diffusion in the electrolyte and solid-state Li diffusion in graphite particles, instead of charge-transfer kinetic or ohmic resistance. |
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| AbstractList | Substantially reduced energy and power capabilities of lithium-ion cell operating at low temperatures pose a technical barrier for market penetration of hybrid electric vehicles and pure electric vehicles. The present work delineates Li-ion cell behaviors at low temperatures by a combined experimental and modeling approach. An electrochemical-thermal coupled model, incorporating concentration- and temperature-dependent transport and kinetic properties, is applied and validated against 2.2Ah 18650 cylindrical cells over a wide range of temperatures (−20°C to 45°C) and discharge rates. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the dramatic effects of cell self-heating upon electrochemical performance. A nonisothermal Ragone plot accounting for these important thermal effects is proposed for the first time for Li-ion cells and more generally for thermally coupled batteries. Detailed resistance analysis indicates that performance limits at −20°C depend on not only discharge rates but also thermal conditions. Optimization of cell design parameters and material properties is performed for 1 C rate discharge starting from −20°C, where the principal performance limitations are found to be Li+ diffusion in the electrolyte and solid-state Li diffusion in graphite particles, instead of charge-transfer kinetic or ohmic resistance. |
| Author | Zhang, Yancheng Ji, Yan Wang, Chao-Yang |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yan surname: Ji fullname: Ji, Yan – sequence: 2 givenname: Yancheng surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Yancheng – sequence: 3 givenname: Chao-Yang surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Chao-Yang |
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