The Cognitive Effects of Experiencing and Observing Subtle Racial Discrimination

• Published in: Journal of social issues Vol. 75; no. 4; pp. 1087 - 1115
• Main Authors: Ozier, Elise M., Taylor, Valerie Jones, Murphy, Mary C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.12.2019
• Subjects: Academic achievement; Access; Cognition; Employment; Employment discrimination; Ethnic groups; Ethnicity; Executive function; Health problems; Literature reviews; Mass media; Mental health; Minority groups; Racial discrimination; Social media; Social networks
• ISSN: 0022-4537; 1540-4560
• DOI: 10.1111/josi.12349

Most research on the cognitive effects of subtle racial discrimination among racial and ethnic minorities focuses on direct experiences of it wherein stigmatized individuals are the targets of discriminatory treatment. However, it is not necessary for people to be the direct target of discriminatory behavior to experience the negative consequences associated with it. Although exposure to discriminatory behavior is increasingly common given the accessibility of smartphones and social media, we know relatively little about how this exposure affects people's executive functioning. Here, we provide a systematic, comparative review of the extant literature on the effects of (a) personally experiencing versus (b) observing instances of subtle racial discrimination toward others on three core executive functions: inhibition, shifting, and updating. We highlight where more work is needed to understand the cognitive consequences of observing discrimination and we provide initial evidence that observing subtle discrimination impairs updating—a previously unexplored relationship. Finally, we discuss the implications of executive function impairment due to observing and experiencing subtle discrimination for long‐term outcomes, such as academic achievement, employment, and mental health.