Efficacy of levonorgestrel when administered as an irradiated, slow-release injectable matrix for feline contraception
Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, was tested in domestic cats as a model for exotic cats. An increase (P = 0.0017) in...
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| Published in | Zoo biology Vol. 20; no. 5; pp. 407 - 421 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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New York
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
2001
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| Abstract | Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, was tested in domestic cats as a model for exotic cats. An increase (P = 0.0017) in body weight was observed in treated but not control queens (P = 0.2146). All control queens (n = 6), which received injections of matrix only, but none of the LNG‐treated queens (n = 6) became pregnant during the trial. Levonorgestrel was effective in preventing pregnancy for at least 36 weeks after two injections of drug‐loaded formulations (40 mg/kg body weight), administered 68 days apart. Throughout the study, all control queens displayed luteal activity and fluctuating fecal estradiol concentrations, whereas the LNG‐treated queens displayed lower estradiol concentrations and no luteal activity after treatment. We conclude that LNG, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, is an effective contraceptive in domestic cats, reducing follicular activity, and thus, preventing mating and luteal activity. Zoo Biol 20:407–421, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
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| AbstractList | Abstract
Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, was tested in domestic cats as a model for exotic cats. An increase (
P
= 0.0017) in body weight was observed in treated but not control queens (
P
= 0.2146). All control queens (n = 6), which received injections of matrix only, but none of the LNG‐treated queens (n = 6) became pregnant during the trial. Levonorgestrel was effective in preventing pregnancy for at least 36 weeks after two injections of drug‐loaded formulations (40 mg/kg body weight), administered 68 days apart. Throughout the study, all control queens displayed luteal activity and fluctuating fecal estradiol concentrations, whereas the LNG‐treated queens displayed lower estradiol concentrations and no luteal activity after treatment. We conclude that LNG, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, is an effective contraceptive in domestic cats, reducing follicular activity, and thus, preventing mating and luteal activity. Zoo Biol 20:407–421, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, was tested in domestic cats as a model for exotic cats. An increase (P = 0.0017) in body weight was observed in treated but not control queens (P = 0.2146). All control queens (n = 6), which received injections of matrix only, but none of the LNG‐treated queens (n = 6) became pregnant during the trial. Levonorgestrel was effective in preventing pregnancy for at least 36 weeks after two injections of drug‐loaded formulations (40 mg/kg body weight), administered 68 days apart. Throughout the study, all control queens displayed luteal activity and fluctuating fecal estradiol concentrations, whereas the LNG‐treated queens displayed lower estradiol concentrations and no luteal activity after treatment. We conclude that LNG, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, is an effective contraceptive in domestic cats, reducing follicular activity, and thus, preventing mating and luteal activity. Zoo Biol 20:407–421, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
| Author | Sun, Yichun Shukla, Atul Anderson, Gary Lasley, Bill Looper, Sheri |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sheri surname: Looper fullname: Looper, Sheri organization: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California – sequence: 2 givenname: Gary surname: Anderson fullname: Anderson, Gary email: gbanderson@ucdavis.edu organization: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California – sequence: 3 givenname: Yichun surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Yichun organization: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee – sequence: 4 givenname: Atul surname: Shukla fullname: Shukla, Atul organization: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee – sequence: 5 givenname: Bill surname: Lasley fullname: Lasley, Bill organization: Departments of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, and Institute of Toxicology & Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, California |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/0010-7824(84)90031-3 10.1016/0010-7824(85)90096-4 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90442-L 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb12951.x 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:3<209::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-E 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1987.tb01340.x 10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00028-1 10.1016/0010-7824(95)00019-7 10.1016/0010-7824(90)90145-L 10.1016/S0010-7824(96)00275-2 10.1002/ajp.1350320203 10.2460/javma.1991.198.07.1214 10.1016/S0010-7824(89)80008-3 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)54411-2 10.1016/0010-7824(96)00119-9 10.1016/0010-7824(94)00019-S 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55917-2 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90023-X |
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| References_xml | – volume: 27 start-page: 468 year: 1996 end-page: 76 article-title: Mammary cancer in captive wild felids and risk factors for its development: a retrospective study of the clinical behavior of 31 cases publication-title: J Zoo Wildl Med – volume: 56 start-page: 27 year: 1991 end-page: 31 article-title: Ovulatory dysfunction during continuous administration of low‐dose levonorgestrel by subdermal implants publication-title: Fertil Steril – volume: 23 start-page: 252 year: 1988 end-page: 7 article-title: A comparative study on the antifertility action of levonorgestrel oxime and levonorgestrel publication-title: Yaoxue Xuebao – volume: 54 start-page: 43 year: 1996 end-page: 53 article-title: An enzyme immunoassay for serum and urinary levonorgestrel in human and non‐human primates publication-title: Contraception – volume: 41 start-page: 169 year: 1990 end-page: 77 article-title: Ovarian endocrine function through five years of continuous treatment with Norplant subdermal contraceptive implants publication-title: Contraception – volume: 55 start-page: 73 year: 1997 end-page: 80 article-title: Clinical performance of a new two‐rod levonorgestrel contraceptive implant: a three year study with Norplant implants as controls publication-title: Contraception – volume: 32 start-page: 95 year: 1993 end-page: 101 article-title: Monitoring female reproductive function by measurement of fecal estrogen and progesterone metabolites in the white‐faced Saki (Pithecia pithecia) publication-title: Am J Primatol – volume: 16 start-page: 209 year: 1997 end-page: 23 article-title: Ovarian hormone concentrations and genital swelling patterns in female chimpanzees with Norplant implants publication-title: Zoo Biol – volume: 30 start-page: 391 year: 1984 end-page: 405 article-title: Hormonal changes during the first year of use of subdermal levonorgestrel implants, Norplant publication-title: Contraception – volume: 198 start-page: 1214 year: 1991 end-page: 25 article-title: Current and proposed methods for contraception and termination of pregnancy in dogs and cats publication-title: J Am Vet Med Assoc – volume: 57 start-page: 255 year: 2001 end-page: 61 article-title: Efficacy of the GnRH‐analogue deslorelin for suppression of the oestrous cycle in cats publication-title: J Reprod Fertil Suppl – volume: 28 start-page: 1161 year: 1987 end-page: 7 article-title: Obese appearance, mammary development and retardation of hair growth following megestrol acetate administration in cats publication-title: J Sm Anim Pract – volume: 52 start-page: 209 year: 1995 end-page: 14 article-title: Effects of levonorgestrel on capacity of mouse oocytes for fertilization and development publication-title: Contraception – volume: 45 start-page: 205 year: 1998 end-page: 11 article-title: The use of Norplant as an effective means of contraception in the white‐faced saki publication-title: Am J Primatol – volume: 21 start-page: 83 year: 1998 article-title: Measurement of steroids in animal feces with commercially available RIA kits intended for use in human serum [Abstract] publication-title: J Clin Ligand Assay – volume: 13 start-page: 23 year: 1999 end-page: 31 article-title: A comparison of the effects of slow release, injectable levonorgestrel and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on egg production in Japanese quail ( ) publication-title: J Avian Med Surg – volume: 31 start-page: 261 year: 1985 end-page: 73 article-title: Anovulation, inadequate luteal phase and poor sperm penetration in cervical mucus during prolonged use of Norplant implants publication-title: Contraception – volume: 44 start-page: 261 year: 1994 end-page: 9 article-title: The contraceptive effects of levonorgestrel in the domestic cat publication-title: Lab Anim Sci – volume: 29 start-page: 1 year: 1998 end-page: 5 article-title: The effects of melengestrol acetate on the ovaries of captive wild felids publication-title: J Zoo Wildl Med – volume: 39 start-page: 195 year: 1989 end-page: 204 article-title: Plasma levonorgestrel levels and ovarian function during the use of a levonorgestrel‐releasing intracervical contraceptive device publication-title: Contraception – volume: 59 start-page: 998 year: 1993 end-page: 1002 article-title: Sonographic assessment of ovarian and endometrial changes during long‐term Norplant use and their correlation with hormonal levels publication-title: Fertil Steril – volume: 32 start-page: 399 year: 1980 end-page: 403 article-title: Long‐term controlled delivery of levonorgestrel in rats by means of small biodegradable cylinders publication-title: J Pharmacol – volume: 59 start-page: 245 year: 1999 end-page: 51 article-title: Timing of onset of contraceptive effectiveness in Norplant implant users II. 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| Snippet | Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when delivered... Abstract Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when... |
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| SubjectTerms | cat estrogen pregnancy progesterone |
| Title | Efficacy of levonorgestrel when administered as an irradiated, slow-release injectable matrix for feline contraception |
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