Efficacy of levonorgestrel when administered as an irradiated, slow-release injectable matrix for feline contraception
Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, was tested in domestic cats as a model for exotic cats. An increase (P = 0.0017) in...
Saved in:
Published in | Zoo biology Vol. 20; no. 5; pp. 407 - 421 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
New York
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
2001
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Abstract | Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, was tested in domestic cats as a model for exotic cats. An increase (P = 0.0017) in body weight was observed in treated but not control queens (P = 0.2146). All control queens (n = 6), which received injections of matrix only, but none of the LNG‐treated queens (n = 6) became pregnant during the trial. Levonorgestrel was effective in preventing pregnancy for at least 36 weeks after two injections of drug‐loaded formulations (40 mg/kg body weight), administered 68 days apart. Throughout the study, all control queens displayed luteal activity and fluctuating fecal estradiol concentrations, whereas the LNG‐treated queens displayed lower estradiol concentrations and no luteal activity after treatment. We conclude that LNG, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, is an effective contraceptive in domestic cats, reducing follicular activity, and thus, preventing mating and luteal activity. Zoo Biol 20:407–421, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
---|---|
AbstractList | Abstract
Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, was tested in domestic cats as a model for exotic cats. An increase (
P
= 0.0017) in body weight was observed in treated but not control queens (
P
= 0.2146). All control queens (n = 6), which received injections of matrix only, but none of the LNG‐treated queens (n = 6) became pregnant during the trial. Levonorgestrel was effective in preventing pregnancy for at least 36 weeks after two injections of drug‐loaded formulations (40 mg/kg body weight), administered 68 days apart. Throughout the study, all control queens displayed luteal activity and fluctuating fecal estradiol concentrations, whereas the LNG‐treated queens displayed lower estradiol concentrations and no luteal activity after treatment. We conclude that LNG, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, is an effective contraceptive in domestic cats, reducing follicular activity, and thus, preventing mating and luteal activity. Zoo Biol 20:407–421, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, was tested in domestic cats as a model for exotic cats. An increase (P = 0.0017) in body weight was observed in treated but not control queens (P = 0.2146). All control queens (n = 6), which received injections of matrix only, but none of the LNG‐treated queens (n = 6) became pregnant during the trial. Levonorgestrel was effective in preventing pregnancy for at least 36 weeks after two injections of drug‐loaded formulations (40 mg/kg body weight), administered 68 days apart. Throughout the study, all control queens displayed luteal activity and fluctuating fecal estradiol concentrations, whereas the LNG‐treated queens displayed lower estradiol concentrations and no luteal activity after treatment. We conclude that LNG, when delivered as a cesium‐irradiated, slow‐release, injectable matrix, is an effective contraceptive in domestic cats, reducing follicular activity, and thus, preventing mating and luteal activity. Zoo Biol 20:407–421, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
Author | Sun, Yichun Shukla, Atul Anderson, Gary Lasley, Bill Looper, Sheri |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sheri surname: Looper fullname: Looper, Sheri organization: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California – sequence: 2 givenname: Gary surname: Anderson fullname: Anderson, Gary email: gbanderson@ucdavis.edu organization: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California – sequence: 3 givenname: Yichun surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Yichun organization: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee – sequence: 4 givenname: Atul surname: Shukla fullname: Shukla, Atul organization: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee – sequence: 5 givenname: Bill surname: Lasley fullname: Lasley, Bill organization: Departments of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, and Institute of Toxicology & Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, California |
BookMark | eNp10M1KAzEUhuEgFWyr4CVk6cLRZNKZJEsttQrFLlSUbkKaOdHUaVKSoT9evVMqggtX5ywevsXbQx0fPCB0TskVJSS__gqhfZg8Ql1KpMhyVtIO6hLOWMaoECeol9KCECIKmnfRemStM9rscLC4hnXwIb5DaiLUePMBHutq6bxLDUSosE5Ye-xi1JXTDVSXONVhk7UYdALs_AJMo-c14KVuottiGyK2UDsP2ATfRG1g1bjgT9Gx1XWCs5_bRy93o-fhfTaZjh-GN5PMMEJlVhDCaclLwgpt2UAaWw4sEVIOqpxyZpkQFa8gt7Lgcl5WAyuFFIIYw_NczA3ro4vDrokhpQhWraJb6rhTlKh9L9X2UvteLc0OdONq2P3r1Gw6_ev3cba_XsdPVXLGC_X6OFZPkzde3s6oYuwbxoh-6Q |
CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_domaniend_2007_01_002 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11095_015_1686_2 crossref_primary_10_1177_1098612X221118754 crossref_primary_10_1002_zoo_20354 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ygcen_2005_04_014 crossref_primary_10_1002_zoo_10006 |
Cites_doi | 10.1016/0010-7824(84)90031-3 10.1016/0010-7824(85)90096-4 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90442-L 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb12951.x 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:3<209::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-E 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1987.tb01340.x 10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00028-1 10.1016/0010-7824(95)00019-7 10.1016/0010-7824(90)90145-L 10.1016/S0010-7824(96)00275-2 10.1002/ajp.1350320203 10.2460/javma.1991.198.07.1214 10.1016/S0010-7824(89)80008-3 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)54411-2 10.1016/0010-7824(96)00119-9 10.1016/0010-7824(94)00019-S 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55917-2 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90023-X |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | Copyright © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
DBID | BSCLL AAYXX CITATION |
DOI | 10.1002/zoo.1039 |
DatabaseName | Istex CrossRef |
DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
Discipline | Zoology |
EISSN | 1098-2361 |
EndPage | 421 |
ExternalDocumentID | 10_1002_zoo_1039 ZOO1039 ark_67375_WNG_SLX76BZ1_3 |
Genre | article |
GroupedDBID | --- .3N .GA .Y3 05W 0R~ 10A 123 1L6 1OB 1OC 1ZS 31~ 33P 3SF 3WU 4.4 50Y 50Z 51W 51X 52M 52N 52O 52P 52S 52T 52U 52W 52X 53G 5VS 66C 702 7PT 8-0 8-1 8-3 8-4 8-5 8UM 930 A03 AAESR AAEVG AAHHS AANLZ AAONW AASGY AAXRX AAZKR ABCQN ABCUV ABEML ABHUG ABIJN ABIVO ABJNI ABPVW ABWRO ACAHQ ACBWZ ACCFJ ACCZN ACFBH ACGFS ACPOU ACPRK ACSCC ACSMX ACXBN ACXME ACXQS ADAWD ADBBV ADDAD ADEOM ADIZJ ADKYN ADMGS ADOZA ADXAS ADZMN AEEZP AEIGN AEIMD AENEX AEQDE AEUQT AEUYR AFBPY AFFPM AFGKR AFMIJ AFPWT AFRAH AFVGU AFZJQ AGJLS AHBTC AHMBA AIURR AIWBW AJBDE AJXKR ALAGY ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALUQN AMBMR AMYDB ASPBG ATUGU AUFTA AVWKF AZBYB AZFZN AZVAB BAFTC BDRZF BFHJK BHBCM BMNLL BMXJE BNHUX BROTX BRXPI BSCLL BY8 CS3 D-E D-F DCZOG DPXWK DR2 DRFUL DRSTM DU5 DVXWH EBS ECGQY EJD F00 F01 F04 F5P FEDTE G-S G.N GNP GODZA H.T H.X HBH HF~ HVGLF HZ~ IX1 J0M JPC KQQ LATKE LAW LC2 LC3 LEEKS LH4 LITHE LOXES LP6 LP7 LUTES LW6 LYRES M66 MEWTI MK4 MRFUL MRSTM MSFUL MSSTM MXFUL MXSTM N04 N05 N9A NF~ NNB O66 O9- P2P P2W P2X P4D PALCI PQQKQ Q.N Q11 QB0 QRW R.K RIWAO RJQFR ROL RWI RWV RX1 RYL SAMSI SUPJJ UB1 W8V W99 WBKPD WIB WIH WIK WNSPC WOHZO WQJ WRC WTM WXSBR WYISQ XG1 XV2 ZZTAW ~IA ~KM ~WT AAHBH AITYG HGLYW OIG AAYXX CITATION |
ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c3019-50071676035af349cf64f08994d2173f388d7de2f9579b6d4f989880cc7228bc3 |
IEDL.DBID | DR2 |
ISSN | 0733-3188 |
IngestDate | Fri Aug 23 01:33:51 EDT 2024 Sat Aug 24 00:46:41 EDT 2024 Wed Jan 17 05:05:22 EST 2024 |
IsPeerReviewed | true |
IsScholarly | true |
Issue | 5 |
Language | English |
LinkModel | DirectLink |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c3019-50071676035af349cf64f08994d2173f388d7de2f9579b6d4f989880cc7228bc3 |
Notes | istex:FC2BBDF306BB3C1BC4E2ED3829EF03CDEE853CE5 ArticleID:ZOO1039 ark:/67375/WNG-SLX76BZ1-3 |
PageCount | 15 |
ParticipantIDs | crossref_primary_10_1002_zoo_1039 wiley_primary_10_1002_zoo_1039_ZOO1039 istex_primary_ark_67375_WNG_SLX76BZ1_3 |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | 2001 2001-01-00 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2001-01-01 |
PublicationDate_xml | – year: 2001 text: 2001 |
PublicationDecade | 2000 |
PublicationPlace | New York |
PublicationPlace_xml | – name: New York |
PublicationTitle | Zoo biology |
PublicationTitleAlternate | Zoo Biol |
PublicationYear | 2001 |
Publisher | John Wiley & Sons, Inc |
Publisher_xml | – name: John Wiley & Sons, Inc |
References | Shirley B, Bundren JC. 1995. Effects of levonorgestrel on capacity of mouse oocytes for fertilization and development. Contraception 52:209-14. Munson L, Bauman JE, Asa CS, Jochle W, Trigg TE. 2001. Efficacy of the GnRH-analogue deslorelin for suppression of the oestrous cycle in cats. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 57:255-61. Kazensky CA, Munson L, Seal US. 1998. The effects of melengestrol acetate on the ovaries of captive wild felids. J Zoo Wildl Med 29:1-5. Munro CJ, Laughlin LS, VonSchalscha T, Baldwin DM, Lasley BL. 1996. An enzyme immunoassay for serum and urinary levonorgestrel in human and non-human primates. Contraception 54:43-53. Lemus AE, Vilchis F, Damsky R, Chavez BA, Garcia GA, Grillasca I, Palacios GP. 1992. Mechanism of action of levonorgestrel: in vitro metabolism and specific interactions with steroid receptors in target organs. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 41:881-90. Chen JC, Bellenger CR. 1987. Obese appearance, mammary development and retardation of hair growth following megestrol acetate administration in cats. J Sm Anim Pract 28:1161-7. Shaaban MM, Segal S, Salem HT, Ghaneimah SA, Khalifa EA, Ahmed AG. 1993. Sonographic assessment of ovarian and endometrial changes during long-term Norplant® use and their correlation with hormonal levels. Fertil Steril 59:998-1002. Faundes A, Brache V, Tejada AS, Cochon L, Sanchez FA. 1991. Ovulatory dysfunction during continuous administration of low-dose levonorgestrel by subdermal implants. Fertil Steril 56:27-31. Bauman JE, Hardin A. 1998. Measurement of steroids in animal feces with commercially available RIA kits intended for use in human serum [Abstract]. J Clin Ligand Assay 21:83. Bettinger T, Cougar D, Lee RD, Lasley BL, Wallis J. 1997. Ovarian hormone concentrations and genital swelling patterns in female chimpanzees with Norplant® implants. Zoo Biol 16:209-23. Telleria CM, Carrizo DG, Deis RP. 1994. Levonorgestrel inhibits luteinizing hormone-stimulated progesterone production in rat luteal cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 50:161-6. Ratsula K, Toivonen J, Lahteenmaki P, Luukkainen T. 1989. Plasma levonorgestrel levels and ovarian function during the use of a levonorgestrel-releasing intracervical contraceptive device. Contraception 39:195-204. Tell L, Shukla A, Munson L, Thosar S, Kass P, Stanton R, Needham M, Lasley BL. 1999. A comparison of the effects of slow release, injectable levonorgestrel and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on egg production in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). J Avian Med Surg 13:23-31. Shaaban MM, El-Nashar IM, Ghaneimah SA, Gomaa AA, Salah M, Abdel-Aleem AM. 1984. Hormonal changes during the first year of use of subdermal levonorgestrel implants, Norplant®. Contraception 30:391-405. Shideler SE, Savage A, Ortuno AM, Moorman EA, Lasley BL. 1993. Monitoring female reproductive function by measurement of fecal estrogen and progesterone metabolites in the white-faced Saki (Pithecia pithecia). Am J Primatol 32:95-101. Wise DL, Rosenkrantz H, Gregory JB, Esber HJ. 1980. Long-term controlled delivery of levonorgestrel in rats by means of small biodegradable cylinders. J Pharmacol 32:399-403. Savage A, Zirofsky DS, Shideler SE, Lasley BL. 1998. The use of Norplant as an effective means of contraception in the white-faced saki. Am J Primatol 45:205-11. Kuhnz W, Fritzemeier C, Hegele-Hartung C, Krattenmacher R. 1995. Comparative progestational activity of norgestimate, levonorgestrel-oxime and levonorgestrel in the rat and binding of these compounds to the progesterone receptor. Contraception 51:131-9. Brache V, Alvarez F, Faundes A, Tejada AS, Cochon L. 1990. Ovarian endocrine function through five years of continuous treatment with Norplant® subdermal contraceptive implants. Contraception 41:169-77. Concannon PW, Meyers-Wallan VN. 1991. Current and proposed methods for contraception and termination of pregnancy in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1214-25. Liu CQ, Shen SR, Dai MZ, Zhu JY, Liu GM, Li LZ. 1988. A comparative study on the antifertility action of levonorgestrel oxime and levonorgestrel. Yaoxue Xuebao 23:252-7. Harrenstien LA, Munson L, Seal US, The American Zoo Aquarium Association Mammary Cancer Study Group. 1996. Mammary cancer in captive wild felids and risk factors for its development: a retrospective study of the clinical behavior of 31 cases. J Zoo Wildl Med 27:468-76. Brache V, Faundes A, Johansson E, Alaverez F. 1985. Anovulation, inadequate luteal phase and poor sperm penetration in cervical mucus during prolonged use of Norplant® implants. Contraception 31:261-73. Sivin I, Viegas O, Campodonico I, Diaz S, Pavez M, Wan L, Koetsawang S, Kiriwat O, Anant MP, Holma P, Abdalla KD, Stern J. 1997. Clinical performance of a new two-rod levonorgestrel contraceptive implant: a three year study with Norplant® implants as controls. Contraception 55:73-80. Croxatto HB, Diaz S, Pavez M, Miranda P, Brandeis A. 1982. Plasma progesterone levels during long-term treatment with levonorgestrel silastic implants. Acta Endocr 101:307-11. Brache V, Blumenthal PD, Alvarez F, Dunson TR, Cochon L, Faundes A. 1999. Timing of onset of contraceptive effectiveness in Norplant® implant users II. Effect on the ovarian function in the first cycle of use. Contraception 59:245-51. Baldwin CJ, Peter AT, Bosu WTK, Dubielzig RR. 1994. The contraceptive effects of levonorgestrel in the domestic cat. Lab Anim Sci 44:261-9. 1991; 198 1995; 52 1998; 29 1995; 51 1991; 56 1994; 44 1982; 101 1998; 21 1996; 54 1998; 45 1993; 59 1990; 41 1984; 30 1997; 55 1993; 32 1999; 59 1980; 32 1999; 13 1988; 23 1997; 16 1985; 31 1996; 27 2001; 57 1994; 50 1987; 28 1989; 39 1992; 41 Liu CQ (e_1_2_1_16_1) 1988; 23 Shideler SE (e_1_2_1_23_1) 1993; 32 Kazensky CA (e_1_2_1_13_1) 1998; 29 Harrenstien LA (e_1_2_1_12_1) 1996; 27 Tell L (e_1_2_1_26_1) 1999; 13 e_1_2_1_24_1 e_1_2_1_21_1 Bauman JE (e_1_2_1_3_1) 1998; 21 e_1_2_1_22_1 e_1_2_1_27_1 e_1_2_1_28_1 e_1_2_1_25_1 Baldwin CJ (e_1_2_1_2_1) 1994; 44 Munson L (e_1_2_1_18_1) 2001; 57 Croxatto HB (e_1_2_1_10_1) 1982; 101 Savage A (e_1_2_1_20_1) 1998; 45 e_1_2_1_7_1 e_1_2_1_8_1 Concannon PW (e_1_2_1_9_1) 1991; 198 e_1_2_1_5_1 e_1_2_1_6_1 e_1_2_1_4_1 e_1_2_1_11_1 e_1_2_1_17_1 e_1_2_1_14_1 e_1_2_1_15_1 e_1_2_1_19_1 |
References_xml | – volume: 27 start-page: 468 year: 1996 end-page: 76 article-title: Mammary cancer in captive wild felids and risk factors for its development: a retrospective study of the clinical behavior of 31 cases publication-title: J Zoo Wildl Med – volume: 56 start-page: 27 year: 1991 end-page: 31 article-title: Ovulatory dysfunction during continuous administration of low‐dose levonorgestrel by subdermal implants publication-title: Fertil Steril – volume: 23 start-page: 252 year: 1988 end-page: 7 article-title: A comparative study on the antifertility action of levonorgestrel oxime and levonorgestrel publication-title: Yaoxue Xuebao – volume: 54 start-page: 43 year: 1996 end-page: 53 article-title: An enzyme immunoassay for serum and urinary levonorgestrel in human and non‐human primates publication-title: Contraception – volume: 41 start-page: 169 year: 1990 end-page: 77 article-title: Ovarian endocrine function through five years of continuous treatment with Norplant subdermal contraceptive implants publication-title: Contraception – volume: 55 start-page: 73 year: 1997 end-page: 80 article-title: Clinical performance of a new two‐rod levonorgestrel contraceptive implant: a three year study with Norplant implants as controls publication-title: Contraception – volume: 32 start-page: 95 year: 1993 end-page: 101 article-title: Monitoring female reproductive function by measurement of fecal estrogen and progesterone metabolites in the white‐faced Saki (Pithecia pithecia) publication-title: Am J Primatol – volume: 16 start-page: 209 year: 1997 end-page: 23 article-title: Ovarian hormone concentrations and genital swelling patterns in female chimpanzees with Norplant implants publication-title: Zoo Biol – volume: 30 start-page: 391 year: 1984 end-page: 405 article-title: Hormonal changes during the first year of use of subdermal levonorgestrel implants, Norplant publication-title: Contraception – volume: 198 start-page: 1214 year: 1991 end-page: 25 article-title: Current and proposed methods for contraception and termination of pregnancy in dogs and cats publication-title: J Am Vet Med Assoc – volume: 57 start-page: 255 year: 2001 end-page: 61 article-title: Efficacy of the GnRH‐analogue deslorelin for suppression of the oestrous cycle in cats publication-title: J Reprod Fertil Suppl – volume: 28 start-page: 1161 year: 1987 end-page: 7 article-title: Obese appearance, mammary development and retardation of hair growth following megestrol acetate administration in cats publication-title: J Sm Anim Pract – volume: 52 start-page: 209 year: 1995 end-page: 14 article-title: Effects of levonorgestrel on capacity of mouse oocytes for fertilization and development publication-title: Contraception – volume: 45 start-page: 205 year: 1998 end-page: 11 article-title: The use of Norplant as an effective means of contraception in the white‐faced saki publication-title: Am J Primatol – volume: 21 start-page: 83 year: 1998 article-title: Measurement of steroids in animal feces with commercially available RIA kits intended for use in human serum [Abstract] publication-title: J Clin Ligand Assay – volume: 13 start-page: 23 year: 1999 end-page: 31 article-title: A comparison of the effects of slow release, injectable levonorgestrel and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on egg production in Japanese quail ( ) publication-title: J Avian Med Surg – volume: 31 start-page: 261 year: 1985 end-page: 73 article-title: Anovulation, inadequate luteal phase and poor sperm penetration in cervical mucus during prolonged use of Norplant implants publication-title: Contraception – volume: 44 start-page: 261 year: 1994 end-page: 9 article-title: The contraceptive effects of levonorgestrel in the domestic cat publication-title: Lab Anim Sci – volume: 29 start-page: 1 year: 1998 end-page: 5 article-title: The effects of melengestrol acetate on the ovaries of captive wild felids publication-title: J Zoo Wildl Med – volume: 39 start-page: 195 year: 1989 end-page: 204 article-title: Plasma levonorgestrel levels and ovarian function during the use of a levonorgestrel‐releasing intracervical contraceptive device publication-title: Contraception – volume: 59 start-page: 998 year: 1993 end-page: 1002 article-title: Sonographic assessment of ovarian and endometrial changes during long‐term Norplant use and their correlation with hormonal levels publication-title: Fertil Steril – volume: 32 start-page: 399 year: 1980 end-page: 403 article-title: Long‐term controlled delivery of levonorgestrel in rats by means of small biodegradable cylinders publication-title: J Pharmacol – volume: 59 start-page: 245 year: 1999 end-page: 51 article-title: Timing of onset of contraceptive effectiveness in Norplant implant users II. Effect on the ovarian function in the first cycle of use publication-title: Contraception – volume: 50 start-page: 161 year: 1994 end-page: 6 article-title: Levonorgestrel inhibits luteinizing hormone‐stimulated progesterone production in rat luteal cells publication-title: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol – volume: 41 start-page: 881 year: 1992 end-page: 90 article-title: Mechanism of action of levonorgestrel: metabolism and specific interactions with steroid receptors in target organs publication-title: J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol – volume: 101 start-page: 307 year: 1982 end-page: 11 article-title: Plasma progesterone levels during long‐term treatment with levonorgestrel silastic implants publication-title: Acta Endocr – volume: 51 start-page: 131 year: 1995 end-page: 9 article-title: Comparative progestational activity of norgestimate, levonorgestrel‐oxime and levonorgestrel in the rat and binding of these compounds to the progesterone receptor publication-title: Contraception – volume: 101 start-page: 307 year: 1982 ident: e_1_2_1_10_1 article-title: Plasma progesterone levels during long‐term treatment with levonorgestrel silastic implants publication-title: Acta Endocr contributor: fullname: Croxatto HB – volume: 44 start-page: 261 year: 1994 ident: e_1_2_1_2_1 article-title: The contraceptive effects of levonorgestrel in the domestic cat publication-title: Lab Anim Sci contributor: fullname: Baldwin CJ – ident: e_1_2_1_21_1 doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(84)90031-3 – ident: e_1_2_1_5_1 doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(85)90096-4 – ident: e_1_2_1_15_1 doi: 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90442-L – ident: e_1_2_1_28_1 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb12951.x – ident: e_1_2_1_4_1 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:3<209::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-E – ident: e_1_2_1_8_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1987.tb01340.x – volume: 29 start-page: 1 year: 1998 ident: e_1_2_1_13_1 article-title: The effects of melengestrol acetate on the ovaries of captive wild felids publication-title: J Zoo Wildl Med contributor: fullname: Kazensky CA – ident: e_1_2_1_7_1 doi: 10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00028-1 – ident: e_1_2_1_24_1 doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(95)00019-7 – ident: e_1_2_1_6_1 doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(90)90145-L – ident: e_1_2_1_25_1 doi: 10.1016/S0010-7824(96)00275-2 – volume: 23 start-page: 252 year: 1988 ident: e_1_2_1_16_1 article-title: A comparative study on the antifertility action of levonorgestrel oxime and levonorgestrel publication-title: Yaoxue Xuebao contributor: fullname: Liu CQ – volume: 45 start-page: 205 year: 1998 ident: e_1_2_1_20_1 article-title: The use of Norplant as an effective means of contraception in the white‐faced saki publication-title: Am J Primatol contributor: fullname: Savage A – volume: 32 start-page: 95 year: 1993 ident: e_1_2_1_23_1 article-title: Monitoring female reproductive function by measurement of fecal estrogen and progesterone metabolites in the white‐faced Saki (Pithecia pithecia) publication-title: Am J Primatol doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350320203 contributor: fullname: Shideler SE – volume: 198 start-page: 1214 year: 1991 ident: e_1_2_1_9_1 article-title: Current and proposed methods for contraception and termination of pregnancy in dogs and cats publication-title: J Am Vet Med Assoc doi: 10.2460/javma.1991.198.07.1214 contributor: fullname: Concannon PW – ident: e_1_2_1_19_1 doi: 10.1016/S0010-7824(89)80008-3 – volume: 27 start-page: 468 year: 1996 ident: e_1_2_1_12_1 article-title: Mammary cancer in captive wild felids and risk factors for its development: a retrospective study of the clinical behavior of 31 cases publication-title: J Zoo Wildl Med contributor: fullname: Harrenstien LA – volume: 57 start-page: 255 year: 2001 ident: e_1_2_1_18_1 article-title: Efficacy of the GnRH‐analogue deslorelin for suppression of the oestrous cycle in cats publication-title: J Reprod Fertil Suppl contributor: fullname: Munson L – ident: e_1_2_1_11_1 doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)54411-2 – ident: e_1_2_1_17_1 doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(96)00119-9 – volume: 21 start-page: 83 year: 1998 ident: e_1_2_1_3_1 article-title: Measurement of steroids in animal feces with commercially available RIA kits intended for use in human serum [Abstract] publication-title: J Clin Ligand Assay contributor: fullname: Bauman JE – ident: e_1_2_1_14_1 doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(94)00019-S – ident: e_1_2_1_22_1 doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55917-2 – ident: e_1_2_1_27_1 doi: 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90023-X – volume: 13 start-page: 23 year: 1999 ident: e_1_2_1_26_1 article-title: A comparison of the effects of slow release, injectable levonorgestrel and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on egg production in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) publication-title: J Avian Med Surg contributor: fullname: Tell L |
SSID | ssj0008512 |
Score | 1.616612 |
Snippet | Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when delivered... Abstract Reliable and safe methods of reversible contraception are needed for use in zoo felids. The efficacy of levonorgestrel (LNG) as a contraceptive, when... |
SourceID | crossref wiley istex |
SourceType | Aggregation Database Publisher |
StartPage | 407 |
SubjectTerms | cat estrogen pregnancy progesterone |
Title | Efficacy of levonorgestrel when administered as an irradiated, slow-release injectable matrix for feline contraception |
URI | https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-SLX76BZ1-3/fulltext.pdf https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fzoo.1039 |
Volume | 20 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3LSsNAFB2kIrjxLdYXI4gr08ZMnkuV1iLaglosdRFmJhksrYmkra1d-Ql-o1_i3EnSUkEQIZDNJBnmdU_uvedchI4pE4S5UCZVBEIDiA1kZabZnvCotPDCVNUabut2rWlet6xWllUJXJhUH2LqcIOdoc5r2OCU9csz0dBJHANjHLh7oKMHeOhuphwlP6MCCA4B-pjr5rqzulHOH5yzRIswqON5hKpMTHUVPeWdSzNLuqXhgJX45Idu4_96v4ZWMuSJz9Olso4WwmgDLbVj5VffROMKiElQ_o5jgXvhWxyBsxyoJD08eg4jTDOZXSjuiWkf0wh3kgSkDSRoPcX9Xjz6-viEGizSMOJOBA4e4GXhF6gCMMYSHWMB7PcQq_x4miXUbKFmtfJwWdOysgwal6eBp1kAS2zH1olFBTE9LmxTQPTQDOT_DRHEdQMnCA0BEUBmB6aAGpWuzrljyGXAyTYqRHEU7iDsuBYLBSj4cyatKacQ9mRcJy6VOIPzIjrKp8h_TdU3_FRn2fDlCPowgkV0ouZu2oAmXchWcyz_sX7l39-0HPuifeYT2VDNyK9v8tuNBtx3_9pwDy2nKWlw7aPCIBmGBxKjDNihWo3f4nvlfA |
link.rule.ids | 315,786,790,1382,4043,27954,27955,27956,46327,46751 |
linkProvider | Wiley-Blackwell |
linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1bS8MwFD5Mh-iLd3FeI4hP1s2lV3zyPnVO8IJjCCFJGxzOVubU6ZM_wd_oLzEnXRUFQYRCX9I2nOTkfD2X7wAsc6Go8LFNqgqVhRAbi5WF5QYq4NrCK9t0aziuuZUL-7Du1HOwkdXCpPwQnw431AxzXqOCo0O6-MUa-pIkWDIe9EFea7uDWrlz-sUdpT9kQggexQIy38-YZ0vlYvbkN1uUR7F2v2NUY2T2RuAqm16aW3Kz9tARa_LlB3PjP-c_CsM98Ek2090yBrkoHoeBRmJc6xPQ3UU-CS6fSaJIK3pMYvSXYzVJizxdRzHhPaZd7O9J-D3hMWm228huoHHrKrlvJU_vr2_YhkXbRtKM0ceDpVnkFhsBdIkGyERhAXxETIo87-XUTMLF3u75dsXqdWawpD4QAstBZOJ6bok6XFE7kMq1FQYQ7VD_4lBFfT_0wqisMAgo3NBW2KbSL0nplfVOkHQK-uMkjqaBeL4jIoUk_lJogyo5Rj6FLFGfa6ghZQGWsjVidykBB0uplstMS5ChBAuwYhbvcwBv32DCmuewy9o-O6vWPXersc6oHmiW5Nc3scbJCd5n_jpwEQYr58dVVj2oHc3CUJqhhtcc9HfaD9G8hiwdsWC25gc_Kemc |
linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3ZSgMxFA1aUXxxF-saQXxy2jqZ9dGtbrWKWiz1ISSZCZbWmdJFq09-gt_ol5ibmSoVBBEG5iWzkO2e3OUchLYYl4R7IJMqA2kAxIZiZW44vvSZsvDS0moNF2XnpGKdVe1qmlUJtTAJP8SXww1Wht6vYYG3Apn_Jg19jWOoGPdH0ZjlEBMOXofX39RR6js6guASqB_zvAHxbMHMD54cMkVj0Kv9YYiqbUxxGt0P_i5JLWnkel2eE68_iBv_9_szaCqFnngvmSuzaCSM5tB4LdaO9XnUPwI2CSZecCxxM3yKI_CWQy1JEz8_hBFmKc8uqHti1sEswvV2G7gNFGrdwZ1m_Pzx9g4iLMoy4noEHh4ozMKPIAPQxwoeYwnl7yHWCfIszahZQJXi0e3BiZHqMhhCbQe-YQMucVynQGwmieUL6VgSwodWoA44RBLPC9wgNCWEALkTWBJEKr2CEK6p5oEgiygTxVG4hLDr2TyUQOEvuDKngkHck4sC8ZgCGkJk0eZgiGgrod-gCdGySVUPUujBLNrWY_fVgLUbkK7m2vSufExvSlXX2a_tUqIa6hH59U20dnkJ9-W_NtxAE1eHRVo6LZ-voMkkPQ2uVZTptnvhmsIrXb6uJ-Ynor7oSw |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Efficacy+of+levonorgestrel+when+administered+as+an+irradiated%2C+slow-release+injectable+matrix+for+feline+contraception&rft.jtitle=Zoo+biology&rft.au=Looper%2C+Sheri&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Gary&rft.au=Sun%2C+Yichun&rft.au=Shukla%2C+Atul&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.issn=0733-3188&rft.eissn=1098-2361&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=407&rft.epage=421&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fzoo.1039&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=ark_67375_WNG_SLX76BZ1_3 |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0733-3188&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0733-3188&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0733-3188&client=summon |