Wave induced loading of the reshaping rubble mound breakwaters
► In this study we investigate the wave induced loading of the reshaping rubble mound breakwaters. ► We use experimental model tests to measure the wave force on the breakwater stones before and after reshaping. ► The maximum forces at all of the three levels occur at wave run-up and are directed in...
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Published in | Applied ocean research Vol. 37; pp. 90 - 97 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Elsevier Ltd
01.08.2012
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Abstract | ► In this study we investigate the wave induced loading of the reshaping rubble mound breakwaters. ► We use experimental model tests to measure the wave force on the breakwater stones before and after reshaping. ► The maximum forces at all of the three levels occur at wave run-up and are directed into the breakwater. ► The maximum forces during wave run-down are directed outwards from the breakwater slope. ► The wave force before reshaping is higher than the force after reshaping.
Economic berm breakwater design requires knowledge of the wave induced loading of the breakwater. In order to investigate the wave load of the reshaping berm breakwaters, model tests have been carried out to measure the wave force on a berm breakwater stone before and after reshaping. Wave force measurements were carried out with the force “measuring stone” placed at three elevations: one elevation above the still water line (SWL) and two elevations below SWL. The measurements show that the maximum forces occur at the location above the still water level. The maximum forces at all of the three levels occur at wave run-up and are directed into the breakwater, thus stabilizing the stone. The maximum forces during wave run-down are directed outwards from the breakwater slope, as expected. The comparison between the measured forces before and after the reshaping around the still water level show that the wave force before reshaping is higher than the force after reshaping. This partly explains why the berm breakwater requires lower weight of the armor units than conventional rubble mound breakwaters. An additional explanation is that during the reshaping the slope of the berm breakwater becomes flatter and the destabilization gravity force component down the slope becomes smaller. |
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AbstractList | ► In this study we investigate the wave induced loading of the reshaping rubble mound breakwaters. ► We use experimental model tests to measure the wave force on the breakwater stones before and after reshaping. ► The maximum forces at all of the three levels occur at wave run-up and are directed into the breakwater. ► The maximum forces during wave run-down are directed outwards from the breakwater slope. ► The wave force before reshaping is higher than the force after reshaping.
Economic berm breakwater design requires knowledge of the wave induced loading of the breakwater. In order to investigate the wave load of the reshaping berm breakwaters, model tests have been carried out to measure the wave force on a berm breakwater stone before and after reshaping. Wave force measurements were carried out with the force “measuring stone” placed at three elevations: one elevation above the still water line (SWL) and two elevations below SWL. The measurements show that the maximum forces occur at the location above the still water level. The maximum forces at all of the three levels occur at wave run-up and are directed into the breakwater, thus stabilizing the stone. The maximum forces during wave run-down are directed outwards from the breakwater slope, as expected. The comparison between the measured forces before and after the reshaping around the still water level show that the wave force before reshaping is higher than the force after reshaping. This partly explains why the berm breakwater requires lower weight of the armor units than conventional rubble mound breakwaters. An additional explanation is that during the reshaping the slope of the berm breakwater becomes flatter and the destabilization gravity force component down the slope becomes smaller. |
Author | Moghim, M.N. Tørum, A. |
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Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.03.006 10.1016/S0378-3839(03)00062-0 10.1061/9780784400890.126 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2009.10.017 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.11.003 10.1139/l91-113 |
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Extension of the port of Hafnafjørdur publication-title: Proceedings of COPEDEC V contributor: fullname: Helgason – volume: 58 start-page: 706 year: 2011 end-page: 721 ident: bib0020 article-title: A new formula for the sea state and structural parameters influencing the stability of homogeneous reshaping berm breakwaters publication-title: Coastal Engineering, Elsevier contributor: fullname: Chegini – volume: 57 start-page: 359 year: 2009 end-page: 374 ident: bib0025 article-title: A new formula for front slope recession of berm breakwaters publication-title: Coastal Engineering, Elsevier contributor: fullname: Burcharth – ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0035 – ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0060 – start-page: 1472 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0065 article-title: Wave forces acting on armor units of rubble mound breakwater contributor: fullname: Istiyanto – volume: 58 start-page: 706 issue: 8 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0020 article-title: A new formula for the sea state and structural parameters influencing the stability of homogeneous reshaping berm breakwaters publication-title: Coastal Engineering, Elsevier doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.03.006 contributor: fullname: Moghim – volume: 189 year: 1950 ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0055 article-title: The forces exerted by surface waves on piles publication-title: Petroleum Transactions, AIME contributor: fullname: Morison – start-page: 1930 year: 1996 ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0045 article-title: Numerical modeling of wave interaction with dynamically stable structures contributor: fullname: van Gent – volume: 49 Amsterdam start-page: 209 issue: September year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0030 article-title: On berm breakwaters. Stability, scour, overtopping publication-title: Elsevier, Journal of Coastal Engineering doi: 10.1016/S0378-3839(03)00062-0 contributor: fullname: Tørum – ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0040 doi: 10.1061/9780784400890.126 – start-page: 154 year: 1980 ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0070 article-title: The measurement of incident and reflected spectral using a least squares method contributor: fullname: Mansard – ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0075 – volume: 57 start-page: 359 issue: 4 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0025 article-title: A new formula for front slope recession of berm breakwaters publication-title: Coastal Engineering, Elsevier doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2009.10.017 contributor: fullname: Lykke Andersen – volume: 120 issue: 3 year: 1994 ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0050 article-title: Wave induced forces on an armour unit on a berm breakwater publication-title: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers contributor: fullname: Tørum – year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0015 article-title: A berm breakwater on weak soil. Extension of the port of Hafnafjørdur contributor: fullname: Sigurdarson – volume: 60 start-page: 299 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0010 article-title: On berm breakwaters: recession, crown wall wave forces, reliability publication-title: Coastal Engineering, Elsevier doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.11.003 contributor: fullname: Tørum – volume: 18 start-page: 916 year: 1991 ident: 10.1016/j.apor.2012.04.001_bib0005 article-title: A study of the stability of dynamically stable breakwaters publication-title: Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering doi: 10.1139/l91-113 contributor: fullname: Hall |
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Title | Wave induced loading of the reshaping rubble mound breakwaters |
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