Evaluation of Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase Levels in Passive Smokers of Different Age Groups
Background The smoke inhaled by a nonsmoker from the smoldering end of a cigarette is referred to as passive smoke. The nicotine present in smoke is known to cause tissue damage and alter the enzymatic composition of the body. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a group of intracellular hydrolytic enzymes...
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Published in | Curēus (Palo Alto, CA) Vol. 15; no. 7; p. e41336 |
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Cureus Inc
03.07.2023
Cureus |
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Abstract | Background The smoke inhaled by a nonsmoker from the smoldering end of a cigarette is referred to as passive smoke. The nicotine present in smoke is known to cause tissue damage and alter the enzymatic composition of the body. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a group of intracellular hydrolytic enzymes known to partake in cellular metabolism. ALP levels are affected by smoking as well as passive smoking (PS) with a change in the pH of the oral cavity. The association of salivary alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) levels in different age groups, gender, and times of exposure is not thoroughly explored yet, which was the primary aim of this study. Material and methods A total of 64 samples were collected from passive smokers and non-smokers. Unstimulated saliva (2-2.5 mL) was collected from each subject after obtaining their consent, followed by centrifuging and mixing with ALP reagent in a semi-autoanalyzer to obtain the S-ALP levels. Results Higher S-ALP levels were seen in passive smokers (34.70 IU/L) compared to healthy individuals (12 IU/L), which came to be statistically significant (p<0.01). S-ALP levels, when compared to different age groups and gender, were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). However, higher levels were seen in association with time of exposure in passive smokers where the data was statistically significant (p<0.01), suggesting tissue damage possibly due to oxidative stresses and tissue inflammation on continuous exposure for a minimum of 30-60 minutes daily as per our study. Conclusion Significantly high levels of S-ALP were found in passive smokers in comparison to non-smokers. This suggests that passive smoking has negative effects on the body tissues. Age, gender, and time of exposure of a non-smoker to tobacco smoke can lead to alterations in S-ALP levels. High levels of S-ALP were seen in individuals with prolonged exposure to tobacco smoke on a daily basis. Salivaomics can thus be used as a non-invasive, economical, and accurate alternative in tissue damage diagnosis. |
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AbstractList | Background
The smoke inhaled by a nonsmoker from the smoldering end of a cigarette is referred to as passive smoke. The nicotine present in smoke is known to cause tissue damage and alter the enzymatic composition of the body. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a group of intracellular hydrolytic enzymes known to partake in cellular metabolism. ALP levels are affected by smoking as well as passive smoking (PS) with a change in the pH of the oral cavity. The association of salivary alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) levels in different age groups, gender, and times of exposure is not thoroughly explored yet, which was the primary aim of this study.
Material and methods
A total of 64 samples were collected from passive smokers and non-smokers. Unstimulated saliva (2-2.5 mL) was collected from each subject after obtaining their consent, followed by centrifuging and mixing with ALP reagent in a semi-autoanalyzer to obtain the S-ALP levels.
Results
Higher S-ALP levels were seen in passive smokers (34.70 IU/L) compared to healthy individuals (12 IU/L), which came to be statistically significant (p<0.01). S-ALP levels, when compared to different age groups and gender, were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). However, higher levels were seen in association with time of exposure in passive smokers where the data was statistically significant (p<0.01), suggesting tissue damage possibly due to oxidative stresses and tissue inflammation on continuous exposure for a minimum of 30-60 minutes daily as per our study.
Conclusion
Significantly high levels of S-ALP were found in passive smokers in comparison to non-smokers. This suggests that passive smoking has negative effects on the body tissues. Age, gender, and time of exposure of a non-smoker to tobacco smoke can lead to alterations in S-ALP levels. High levels of S-ALP were seen in individuals with prolonged exposure to tobacco smoke on a daily basis. Salivaomics can thus be used as a non-invasive, economical, and accurate alternative in tissue damage diagnosis. BackgroundThe smoke inhaled by a nonsmoker from the smoldering end of a cigarette is referred to as passive smoke. The nicotine present in smoke is known to cause tissue damage and alter the enzymatic composition of the body. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a group of intracellular hydrolytic enzymes known to partake in cellular metabolism. ALP levels are affected by smoking as well as passive smoking (PS) with a change in the pH of the oral cavity. The association of salivary alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) levels in different age groups, gender, and times of exposure is not thoroughly explored yet, which was the primary aim of this study.Material and methodsA total of 64 samples were collected from passive smokers and non-smokers. Unstimulated saliva (2-2.5 mL) was collected from each subject after obtaining their consent, followed by centrifuging and mixing with ALP reagent in a semi-autoanalyzer to obtain the S-ALP levels.ResultsHigher S-ALP levels were seen in passive smokers (34.70 IU/L) compared to healthy individuals (12 IU/L), which came to be statistically significant (p<0.01). S-ALP levels, when compared to different age groups and gender, were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). However, higher levels were seen in association with time of exposure in passive smokers where the data was statistically significant (p<0.01), suggesting tissue damage possibly due to oxidative stresses and tissue inflammation on continuous exposure for a minimum of 30-60 minutes daily as per our study.ConclusionSignificantly high levels of S-ALP were found in passive smokers in comparison to non-smokers. This suggests that passive smoking has negative effects on the body tissues. Age, gender, and time of exposure of a non-smoker to tobacco smoke can lead to alterations in S-ALP levels. High levels of S-ALP were seen in individuals with prolonged exposure to tobacco smoke on a daily basis. Salivaomics can thus be used as a non-invasive, economical, and accurate alternative in tissue damage diagnosis. Background The smoke inhaled by a nonsmoker from the smoldering end of a cigarette is referred to as passive smoke. The nicotine present in smoke is known to cause tissue damage and alter the enzymatic composition of the body. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a group of intracellular hydrolytic enzymes known to partake in cellular metabolism. ALP levels are affected by smoking as well as passive smoking (PS) with a change in the pH of the oral cavity. The association of salivary alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) levels in different age groups, gender, and times of exposure is not thoroughly explored yet, which was the primary aim of this study. Material and methods A total of 64 samples were collected from passive smokers and non-smokers. Unstimulated saliva (2-2.5 mL) was collected from each subject after obtaining their consent, followed by centrifuging and mixing with ALP reagent in a semi-autoanalyzer to obtain the S-ALP levels. Results Higher S-ALP levels were seen in passive smokers (34.70 IU/L) compared to healthy individuals (12 IU/L), which came to be statistically significant (p<0.01). S-ALP levels, when compared to different age groups and gender, were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). However, higher levels were seen in association with time of exposure in passive smokers where the data was statistically significant (p<0.01), suggesting tissue damage possibly due to oxidative stresses and tissue inflammation on continuous exposure for a minimum of 30-60 minutes daily as per our study. Conclusion Significantly high levels of S-ALP were found in passive smokers in comparison to non-smokers. This suggests that passive smoking has negative effects on the body tissues. Age, gender, and time of exposure of a non-smoker to tobacco smoke can lead to alterations in S-ALP levels. High levels of S-ALP were seen in individuals with prolonged exposure to tobacco smoke on a daily basis. Salivaomics can thus be used as a non-invasive, economical, and accurate alternative in tissue damage diagnosis. |
Author | Bedia, Aarti S Patil, Amit H Nimmagadda, Haritha K Bedia, Sumit Mulla, Sayem A |
AuthorAffiliation | 3 Prosthodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND 2 Anatomy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND 1 Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND 4 Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 4 Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND – name: 1 Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND – name: 2 Anatomy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND – name: 3 Prosthodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sayem A surname: Mulla fullname: Mulla, Sayem A organization: Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND – sequence: 2 givenname: Aarti S surname: Bedia fullname: Bedia, Aarti S organization: Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND – sequence: 3 givenname: Haritha K surname: Nimmagadda fullname: Nimmagadda, Haritha K organization: Anatomy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND – sequence: 4 givenname: Sumit surname: Bedia fullname: Bedia, Sumit organization: Prosthodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND – sequence: 5 givenname: Amit H surname: Patil fullname: Patil, Amit H organization: Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, IND |
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Keywords | passive smoking salivaomics salivary alkaline phosphatase tobacco smoke secondhand smoke |
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Snippet | Background The smoke inhaled by a nonsmoker from the smoldering end of a cigarette is referred to as passive smoke. The nicotine present in smoke is known to... BackgroundThe smoke inhaled by a nonsmoker from the smoldering end of a cigarette is referred to as passive smoke. The nicotine present in smoke is known to... Background The smoke inhaled by a nonsmoker from the smoldering end of a cigarette is referred to as passive smoke. The nicotine present in smoke is known to... |
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StartPage | e41336 |
SubjectTerms | Age groups Biomarkers Consent Dentistry Disease prevention Enzymes Gender Oral Medicine Patients Phosphatase Phosphate esters Sample size Smoking Urine Variance analysis |
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Title | Evaluation of Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase Levels in Passive Smokers of Different Age Groups |
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