Fare inspection in proof-of-payment transit networks: A review
In proof-of-payment transit systems worldwide, fare inspection is the most widely adopted strategy against fare evasion from transit authorities and public transport companies. Although these actors attempt to make the inspectors’ work as easy, effective, and equitable as possible, several issues ne...
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Published in | Journal of public transportation Vol. 26; p. 100101 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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2024
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Abstract | In proof-of-payment transit systems worldwide, fare inspection is the most widely adopted strategy against fare evasion from transit authorities and public transport companies. Although these actors attempt to make the inspectors’ work as easy, effective, and equitable as possible, several issues need to be analysed according to a unifying approach, i.e., “How, where and when to inspect”, “Who and why evades the fare”, “How many and how to distribute inspectors” as well as improve the inspectors’ effectiveness. Since no study exists in the literature investigating all these issues together, this paper aims to fill this gap with a review of several key papers that covered the full spectrum of relevant literature which, whole or partially, focused on fare inspection. Results show fare inspection is a beneficial strategy against fare evasion, but there are still many challenges and research limits that should be overcome in the years ahead. A possible research agenda is provided. It calls for specific options (i.e., data collection and fare evasion risk in hotspot definition, digital support and bottom-up approaches, size of inspection staff and scheduling of inspectors under realistic conditions and follower responses, effectiveness of actions focused on the visibility of fare inspection, managing interactions between fare inspectors and passengers) and integrated approaches (i.e., linking the planning, organisation, and activities of fare inspection with who and why evade). Nevertheless, even if this review may not be conclusive, these results support a unifying literature development on fare inspection. |
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AbstractList | In proof-of-payment transit systems worldwide, fare inspection is the most widely adopted strategy against fare evasion from transit authorities and public transport companies. Although these actors attempt to make the inspectors’ work as easy, effective, and equitable as possible, several issues need to be analysed according to a unifying approach, i.e., “How, where and when to inspect”, “Who and why evades the fare”, “How many and how to distribute inspectors” as well as improve the inspectors’ effectiveness. Since no study exists in the literature investigating all these issues together, this paper aims to fill this gap with a review of several key papers that covered the full spectrum of relevant literature which, whole or partially, focused on fare inspection. Results show fare inspection is a beneficial strategy against fare evasion, but there are still many challenges and research limits that should be overcome in the years ahead. A possible research agenda is provided. It calls for specific options (i.e., data collection and fare evasion risk in hotspot definition, digital support and bottom-up approaches, size of inspection staff and scheduling of inspectors under realistic conditions and follower responses, effectiveness of actions focused on the visibility of fare inspection, managing interactions between fare inspectors and passengers) and integrated approaches (i.e., linking the planning, organisation, and activities of fare inspection with who and why evade). Nevertheless, even if this review may not be conclusive, these results support a unifying literature development on fare inspection. |
ArticleNumber | 100101 |
Author | Carra, Martina Barabino, Benedetto Currie, Graham |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Benedetto surname: Barabino fullname: Barabino, Benedetto email: benedetto.barabino@unibs.it organization: Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics (DICATAM), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Martina surname: Carra fullname: Carra, Martina email: martina.carra@unibs.it organization: Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics (DICATAM), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Graham surname: Currie fullname: Currie, Graham email: Graham.Currie@monash.edu organization: Public Transport Research Group, Institute of Transport Studies, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia |
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Keywords | Fare evasion Inspection-transport-evasion Inspector-transport-evasion Fare inspection Fare inspector |
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