Indications of embalming in Roman Greece by physical, chemical and histological analysis
The partially mummified remains of a high-status female (ca. 1700 BP, Thessaloniki, Greece) were found inside a Roman-type marble sarcophagus containing a lead coffin. The individual was positioned on a wooden pallet, wrapped in bandages, and covered with a gold-embroidered purple silk cloth. Beside...
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| Published in | Journal of archaeological science Vol. 36; no. 1; pp. 35 - 42 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Elsevier Ltd
2009
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| Abstract | The partially mummified remains of a high-status female (ca. 1700
BP, Thessaloniki, Greece) were found inside a Roman-type marble sarcophagus containing a lead coffin. The individual was positioned on a wooden pallet, wrapped in bandages, and covered with a gold-embroidered purple silk cloth. Besides the clothes, remnants of soft tissue as well as the individual's original hair style and eyebrows were exceptionally well preserved. In addition to the macroscopic examination, microscopic and biochemical analyses were undertaken. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were applied to examine the tissue preservation and probable mechanisms of mummification. The presence of chemical components, such as sesquiterpenes, triterpenoids, and diterpenoids, originating from coniferous and pistacia resins, myrrh, and other spices, verify ancient information on preparation methods of the dead in Greek and Roman times. These chemical components are thought to have played a prominent role in the mummification mechanism in this particular case. The potential effect of the lead coffin in the mummification process was also examined. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis failed to detect lead penetration into the tissues, suggesting that the coffin played a limited role in the preservation of soft tissue. |
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| AbstractList | The partially mummified remains of a high-status female (ca. 1700
BP, Thessaloniki, Greece) were found inside a Roman-type marble sarcophagus containing a lead coffin. The individual was positioned on a wooden pallet, wrapped in bandages, and covered with a gold-embroidered purple silk cloth. Besides the clothes, remnants of soft tissue as well as the individual's original hair style and eyebrows were exceptionally well preserved. In addition to the macroscopic examination, microscopic and biochemical analyses were undertaken. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were applied to examine the tissue preservation and probable mechanisms of mummification. The presence of chemical components, such as sesquiterpenes, triterpenoids, and diterpenoids, originating from coniferous and pistacia resins, myrrh, and other spices, verify ancient information on preparation methods of the dead in Greek and Roman times. These chemical components are thought to have played a prominent role in the mummification mechanism in this particular case. The potential effect of the lead coffin in the mummification process was also examined. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis failed to detect lead penetration into the tissues, suggesting that the coffin played a limited role in the preservation of soft tissue. |
| Author | Xirotiris, N.I. Iten, P.X. Baumgartner, M.R. Rühli, F. Papageorgopoulou, C. Schmid, M. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: C. surname: Papageorgopoulou fullname: Papageorgopoulou, C. email: christina.p@anatom.unizh.ch organization: Applied Anatomy Workgroup, Division of Macroscopic Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland – sequence: 2 givenname: N.I. surname: Xirotiris fullname: Xirotiris, N.I. organization: Laboratory of Anthropology, Demokritus University of Thrace, PO Box 209, GR-69100, Komotini, Greece – sequence: 3 givenname: P.X. surname: Iten fullname: Iten, P.X. organization: Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland – sequence: 4 givenname: M.R. surname: Baumgartner fullname: Baumgartner, M.R. organization: Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland – sequence: 5 givenname: M. surname: Schmid fullname: Schmid, M. organization: Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland – sequence: 6 givenname: F. surname: Rühli fullname: Rühli, F. organization: Applied Anatomy Workgroup, Division of Macroscopic Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland |
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| Keywords | Electron microscope Hair Lead coffin Mummy Energy dispersive X-ray analysis Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry |
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| SubjectTerms | Electron microscope Energy dispersive X-ray analysis Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry Hair Lead coffin Mummy |
| Title | Indications of embalming in Roman Greece by physical, chemical and histological analysis |
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