Injury Severity of Bus–Pedestrian Crashes in South Korea Considering the Effects of Regional and Company Factors
Bus–pedestrian crashes typically result in more severe injuries and deaths than any other type of bus crash. Thus, it is important to screen and improve the risk factors that affect bus–pedestrian crashes. However, bus–pedestrian crashes that are affected by a company’s and regional characteristics...
Saved in:
Published in | Sustainability Vol. 11; no. 11; p. 3169 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Basel
MDPI AG
01.06.2019
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Abstract | Bus–pedestrian crashes typically result in more severe injuries and deaths than any other type of bus crash. Thus, it is important to screen and improve the risk factors that affect bus–pedestrian crashes. However, bus–pedestrian crashes that are affected by a company’s and regional characteristics have a cross-classified hierarchical structure, which is difficult to address properly using a single-level model or even a two-level multi-level model. In this study, we used a cross-classified, multi-level model to consider simultaneously the unobserved heterogeneities at these two distinct levels. Using bus–pedestrian crash data in South Korea from 2011 through to 2015, in this study, we investigated the factors related to the injury severity of the crashes, including crash level, regional and company level factors. The results indicate that the company and regional effects are 16.8% and 5.1%, respectively, which justified the use of a multi-level model. We confirm that type I errors may arise when the effects of upper-level groups are ignored. We also identified the factors that are statistically significant, including three regional-level factors, i.e., the elderly ratio, the ratio of the transportation infrastructure budget, and the number of doctors, and 13 crash-level factors. This study provides useful insights concerning bus–pedestrian crashes, and a safety policy is suggested to enhance bus–pedestrian safety. |
---|---|
AbstractList | Because cross-group heterogeneity is neglected in hierarchical data, a two-level model can underestimate the standard error, thereby resulting in a type I statistical error when testing statistical hypotheses [13]. [...]if this assumption is inappropriate for a given set of data, the model may produce biased results, underestimated standard errors, and indicate confidence intervals that are too narrow. [...]when there is a correlation between the factors that affect individual crashes and the upper group of the factors, multi-level modeling is suitable because it prevents inaccurate or biased estimates caused by ignoring the hierarchical structure of the crash data. [...]the models can be difficult to apply because of the complexity of estimation. [...]if the non-normality of errors (residuals) cannot be easily solved by, for example, by transforming the dependent variable, it is worth exploring other approaches, such as non-parametric estimation of random effects. [...]improvements in crash-level factors, such as speeding, can be considered as a priority, while the effect of company-level and regional-level factors (e.g., socioeconomic and demographic factors) should be considered from the long-term perspective. Bus–pedestrian crashes typically result in more severe injuries and deaths than any other type of bus crash. Thus, it is important to screen and improve the risk factors that affect bus–pedestrian crashes. However, bus–pedestrian crashes that are affected by a company’s and regional characteristics have a cross-classified hierarchical structure, which is difficult to address properly using a single-level model or even a two-level multi-level model. In this study, we used a cross-classified, multi-level model to consider simultaneously the unobserved heterogeneities at these two distinct levels. Using bus–pedestrian crash data in South Korea from 2011 through to 2015, in this study, we investigated the factors related to the injury severity of the crashes, including crash level, regional and company level factors. The results indicate that the company and regional effects are 16.8% and 5.1%, respectively, which justified the use of a multi-level model. We confirm that type I errors may arise when the effects of upper-level groups are ignored. We also identified the factors that are statistically significant, including three regional-level factors, i.e., the elderly ratio, the ratio of the transportation infrastructure budget, and the number of doctors, and 13 crash-level factors. This study provides useful insights concerning bus–pedestrian crashes, and a safety policy is suggested to enhance bus–pedestrian safety. |
Author | Kho, Seung-Young Park, Ho-Chul Joo, Yang-Jun Park, Byung-Jung Kim, Dong-Kyu |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ho-Chul orcidid: 0000-0002-1628-9553 surname: Park fullname: Park, Ho-Chul – sequence: 2 givenname: Yang-Jun orcidid: 0000-0003-2319-0874 surname: Joo fullname: Joo, Yang-Jun – sequence: 3 givenname: Seung-Young surname: Kho fullname: Kho, Seung-Young – sequence: 4 givenname: Dong-Kyu orcidid: 0000-0003-0746-3043 surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Dong-Kyu – sequence: 5 givenname: Byung-Jung surname: Park fullname: Park, Byung-Jung |
BookMark | eNpNkM1KAzEUhYMoWGs3PkHAnTCan2Z-ljq0WiwoVtdDJrlpp7RJTWaE2fkOvqFPYkoFPZt7F9893HPO0LF1FhC6oOSa84LchI5GcZoWR2jASEYTSgQ5_refolEIaxLFOS1oOkB-Zted7_ECPsA3bY-dwXdd-P78egYNofWNtLj0Mqwg4MbihevaFX50HiQunQ2Njmd2idsV4IkxoNqwt3iBZeOs3GBpdeS2O2l7PJWqdT6coxMjNwFGv3OI3qaT1_IhmT_dz8rbeaJYIdoEap6CqjnLaG2KnOYZ04ILEIIbwYnSgo5lqusiU0KkJMvqQrNapJoKlROi-BBdHnx33r13MUu1dp2PT4WKccZoHosaR-rqQCnvQvBgqp1vttL3FSXVvtbqr1b-AxjabJs |
CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aap_2020_105589 crossref_primary_10_1080_19439962_2022_2123582 crossref_primary_10_1080_19439962_2021_1941460 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aap_2020_105736 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aap_2021_106268 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trip_2022_100562 crossref_primary_10_1080_13588265_2023_2230631 crossref_primary_10_1177_03611981221094574 crossref_primary_10_3390_informatics10020043 crossref_primary_10_12815_kits_2020_19_2_18 crossref_primary_10_3390_su12104239 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssci_2021_105513 crossref_primary_10_1080_17457300_2021_1907597 crossref_primary_10_3390_su141710467 crossref_primary_10_3390_su14042436 crossref_primary_10_1177_0361198120954187 |
Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.020 10.1016/j.ssci.2007.12.001 10.3141/2237-12 10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00075-6 10.1016/j.tra.2013.01.030 10.1080/23249935.2016.1256355 10.1016/j.aap.2010.03.013 10.1016/j.ssci.2012.11.001 10.1016/j.jsr.2017.02.011 10.1080/23249935.2018.1471752 10.1016/j.csda.2003.08.006 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.001 10.1080/21577323.2013.852145 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00448.x 10.1016/j.aap.2005.06.021 10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.008 10.1016/j.aap.2012.09.034 10.1080/15389588.2016.1207762 10.1016/S0001-4575(96)00050-4 10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.025 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.024 10.3390/su11071871 10.1007/s10260-006-0016-6 10.1016/j.aap.2007.04.002 10.1016/S0001-4575(00)00025-7 10.1007/s12544-013-0107-z 10.1109/TSMCB.2008.2007853 10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.09.004 10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.022 10.1007/s10940-011-9157-3 10.1016/j.jsr.2016.03.004 10.1016/j.aap.2015.03.036 10.1080/01441647.2014.893038 10.1016/j.aap.2017.06.009 10.1080/15568318.2018.1463417 10.1080/15389588.2016.1151011 10.1016/j.jsr.2012.05.003 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.06.012 10.3141/2514-16 10.1016/j.aap.2013.04.035 10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00086-0 10.3141/2647-01 10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.003 |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | 2019. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
Copyright_xml | – notice: 2019. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
DBID | AAYXX CITATION 4U- ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO PIMPY PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS |
DOI | 10.3390/su11113169 |
DatabaseName | CrossRef University Readers ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central ProQuest Central Essentials AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Korea Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China |
DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Central University Readers ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Academic ProQuest Central China |
DatabaseTitleList | Publicly Available Content Database CrossRef |
Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
Discipline | Economics Environmental Sciences Statistics |
EISSN | 2071-1050 |
ExternalDocumentID | 10_3390_su11113169 |
GeographicLocations | United States--US South Korea |
GeographicLocations_xml | – name: South Korea – name: United States--US |
GroupedDBID | 29Q 2WC 4P2 5VS 7XC 8FE 8FH A8Z AAHBH AAYXX ACHQT ADBBV AENEX AFKRA AFMMW ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ATCPS BCNDV BENPR BHPHI CCPQU CITATION E3Z ECGQY ESTFP FRS GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HCIFZ KQ8 ML. MODMG M~E OK1 P2P PATMY PIMPY PROAC PYCSY TR2 4U- ABUWG AZQEC DWQXO PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS |
ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-eb36ecb3271bf981872d535e553f530cd514a6db97c556077b9d2b56d15c800c3 |
IEDL.DBID | BENPR |
ISSN | 2071-1050 |
IngestDate | Thu Oct 10 19:01:23 EDT 2024 Fri Aug 23 02:02:58 EDT 2024 |
IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
IsOpenAccess | true |
IsPeerReviewed | true |
IsScholarly | true |
Issue | 11 |
Language | English |
LinkModel | DirectLink |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c295t-eb36ecb3271bf981872d535e553f530cd514a6db97c556077b9d2b56d15c800c3 |
ORCID | 0000-0003-2319-0874 0000-0003-0746-3043 0000-0002-1628-9553 |
OpenAccessLink | https://www.proquest.com/docview/2322181694?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication% |
PQID | 2322181694 |
PQPubID | 2032327 |
ParticipantIDs | proquest_journals_2322181694 crossref_primary_10_3390_su11113169 |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | 2019-06-01 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2019-06-01 |
PublicationDate_xml | – month: 06 year: 2019 text: 2019-06-01 day: 01 |
PublicationDecade | 2010 |
PublicationPlace | Basel |
PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Basel |
PublicationTitle | Sustainability |
PublicationYear | 2019 |
Publisher | MDPI AG |
Publisher_xml | – name: MDPI AG |
References | ref13 ref35 ref34 ref15 ref37 ref14 ref36 ref31 ref30 ref11 ref33 ref10 ref32 ref2 ref1 ref17 ref39 ref16 ref38 ref19 ref18 Arpino (ref40) 2010; 11 Raudenbush (ref12) 2011 ref24 ref23 ref45 ref26 ref25 ref20 ref42 ref41 ref22 ref44 ref21 ref43 ref28 ref27 ref29 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5 |
References_xml | – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.020 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2007.12.001 – ident: ref16 doi: 10.3141/2237-12 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00075-6 – ident: ref37 doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2013.01.030 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1080/23249935.2016.1256355 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.03.013 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2012.11.001 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2017.02.011 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1080/23249935.2018.1471752 – ident: ref39 doi: 10.1016/j.csda.2003.08.006 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.001 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1080/21577323.2013.852145 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00448.x – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2005.06.021 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.008 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2012.09.034 – ident: ref29 doi: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1207762 – ident: ref42 doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(96)00050-4 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.025 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.024 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.3390/su11071871 – ident: ref41 doi: 10.1007/s10260-006-0016-6 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2007.04.002 – ident: ref45 doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(00)00025-7 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1007/s12544-013-0107-z – ident: ref43 doi: 10.1109/TSMCB.2008.2007853 – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.09.004 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.022 – ident: ref33 doi: 10.1007/s10940-011-9157-3 – year: 2011 ident: ref12 contributor: fullname: Raudenbush – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2016.03.004 – ident: ref44 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.03.036 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1080/01441647.2014.893038 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.06.009 – ident: ref34 doi: 10.1080/15568318.2018.1463417 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1151011 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2012.05.003 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.06.012 – volume: 11 start-page: 7 year: 2010 ident: ref40 article-title: Assessing the Quality of Institutions’ Rankings Obtained Through Multilevel Linear Regression Models publication-title: J. Appl. Econ. Sci. contributor: fullname: Arpino – ident: ref11 doi: 10.3141/2514-16 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.04.035 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00086-0 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.3141/2647-01 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.003 |
SSID | ssj0000331916 |
Score | 2.304586 |
Snippet | Bus–pedestrian crashes typically result in more severe injuries and deaths than any other type of bus crash. Thus, it is important to screen and improve the... Because cross-group heterogeneity is neglected in hierarchical data, a two-level model can underestimate the standard error, thereby resulting in a type I... |
SourceID | proquest crossref |
SourceType | Aggregation Database |
StartPage | 3169 |
SubjectTerms | Buses Company structure Confidence intervals Demographics Dependent variables Fatalities Heterogeneity Injuries Normality Parameter estimation Pedestrians Socioeconomic factors Standard error Statistical analysis Statistics Structural hierarchy Sustainability Traffic accidents & safety |
Title | Injury Severity of Bus–Pedestrian Crashes in South Korea Considering the Effects of Regional and Company Factors |
URI | https://www.proquest.com/docview/2322181694 |
Volume | 11 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV09T8MwELWgHeiCoFBRKJUlWCPiOHbIhGjVUkBUVaFStyj-CB9DUpp25z_wD_klnBOHwsLsyJZ853fvLvY9hM4pS6QrBHWITxLHZ4CDAqDYCUXsGo0rzoRJFB_GfDTz7-Zsbgtuub1WWWFiAdQqk6ZGfgGR30QjHvpXi3fHqEaZv6tWQmMb1T1YDDy83huMJ9OfKotLwcUIL_uSUsjvwb4GJCgxN5x_R6K_QFxEl-Ee2rW0EF-XdtxHWzptop3q1XDeRK3B5kUafGiPJAw0DF0suy0foOVt-gabhB81eCjwa5wluLfOvz4-J1rpQqIjxf1lnL_oHL-muBDQw_cZMEdcSXdCLMPACnHZ1zg3U0z1c1ExxHGqsEUQPCyVeg7RbDh46o8cq6rgSC9kKweyZ66loF5ARBJCvA48xSjTjNGEUVcqoFAxVyIMJAM6FAQiVJ5gXBEmgV1K2kK1NEv1EcLSDWJ16SdJkHCfuyqUpqG9hik18TVXbXRW7XC0KJtnRJB0GDtEGzu0Uafa_MgeoDzamPv4_-ET1AAOE5a3tzqotlqu9SnwhJXoWmfoou2bOfkGg7TBLg |
link.rule.ids | 315,786,790,21416,27955,27956,33777,43838,74657 |
linkProvider | ProQuest |
linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV07T8MwED5BO8CCoIAoFLAEa0RSx04zIVq1aulDCIrEFsWP8BjS0rQ7_4F_yC_hnDgUFmZHHu7O3313se8DuKQska4Q1PF8L3F8hjgoEIqdUMSu0bjiTJhCcTzh_Uf_9ok92YZbZq9VlpiYA7WaSdMjv8LMb7IRD_3r-btjVKPM31UrobEJVTNys1WBars7ubv_6bK4FEPM48VcUor1PfrXgAT1zA3n35noLxDn2aW3CzuWFpKbwo97sKHTGmyVr4azGhx21y_S8EN7JHFh29DFYtryPiwG6RsaiTxojFDk12SWkPYq-_r4vNNK5xIdKeks4uxFZ-Q1JbmAHhnOkDmSUroTcxlBVkiKucaZ2eJeP-cdQxKnilgEIb1CqecAHnvdaafvWFUFRzZDtnSweuZaCtoMPJGEmK-DpmKUacZowqgrFVKomCsRBpIhHQoCEaqmYFx5TCK7lPQQKuks1UdApBvEquUnSZBwn7sqlGagvcYttedrrupwUVo4mhfDMyIsOowforUf6tAojR_ZA5RFa3cf_798Dlv96XgUjQaT4QlsI58Ji5tcDagsFyt9ipxhKc5sYHwDO83DMw |
linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1NT8JAEN0oJMrFKGpEUTfRa0PLdrf2ZAQhIEoISsKt6X75cShI4e5_8B_6S5xtt6IXz9vsYWb2zZvt7DyELgnVwuWcOJ7vacengIMcoNgJeewajStGuSkUH4asN_HvpnRq-59S21ZZYGIG1HImzB15AzK_yUYs9BvatkWMbrvX83fHKEiZP61WTmMTlQOfUSjEyq3OcDT-uXFxCYSbx_IZpQRqffC1AQzimW7n31npLyhnmaa7i3YsRcQ3uU_30IZKqmi7eEGcVtFhZ_06DT60xxMWKoY65pOX99Gin7yBwfCjgmgFro1nGrdW6dfH50hJlcl1JLi9iNMXleLXBGdiengwAxaJCxlPyGsYGCLOZxynZouxes5uD3GcSGzRBHdz1Z4DNOl2nto9xyosOKIZ0qUDlTRTgpNm4HEdQu4OmpISqiglmhJXSKBTMZM8DAQFahQEPJRNTpn0qACmKcghKiWzRB0hLNwglle-1oFmPnNlKMxwewVbKs9XTNbQRWHhaJ4P0oigADF-iNZ-qKF6YfzIHqY0Wrv--P_lc7QFMRHd94eDE1QBahPmTV11VFouVuoU6MOSn9m4-AYIg8dn |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Injury+Severity+of+Bus%E2%80%93Pedestrian+Crashes+in+South+Korea+Considering+the+Effects+of+Regional+and+Company+Factors&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.au=Ho-Chul%2C+Park&rft.au=Yang-Jun%2C+Joo&rft.au=Seung-Young%2C+Kho&rft.au=Dong-Kyu%2C+Kim&rft.date=2019-06-01&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=2071-1050&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fsu11113169&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2071-1050&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2071-1050&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2071-1050&client=summon |