Is Real-Time Poolside Assessment of Upper Limb Errors in Front Crawl Swimming Technique Reliable and Equivalent to Video Analysis?

Swimming technique is widely believed to influence performance, but this relationship has rarely been tested objectively using a real-time poolside assessment. To determine the (1) test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and criterion validity (live vs video) of real-time poolside assessmen...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of sport rehabilitation Vol. 32; no. 2; p. 183
Main Authors Pollen, Travis R, Ebaugh, David, Mohring, Jason, Hutchinson, Dean, Silfies, Sheri P
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States 01.02.2023
Subjects
Online AccessGet more information

Cover

Loading…
Abstract Swimming technique is widely believed to influence performance, but this relationship has rarely been tested objectively using a real-time poolside assessment. To determine the (1) test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and criterion validity (live vs video) of real-time poolside assessment of upper limb (UL) errors in front crawl (FC) swimming technique and (2) the relationship between UL errors and FC swimming performance. Cross-sectional reliability, validity, and correlational study. Swim team practice at a college natatorium. Thirty-nine Division III college swimmers (21 women and 18 men, age = 19 [1] y, swimming experience = 11 [3] y). Seven UL errors in FC swimming technique, many of which involved unnecessary vertical and mediolateral motions, were assessed in real time from outside the pool during swim practice. Test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and criterion validity were calculated using Cohen kappa (κ) and weighted kappa (κw). Swimming performance was determined by the participants' best FC events relative to the conference records. The correlation between total UL errors and FC swimming performance was assessed with Pearson r. Cohen κ and κw were moderate for the majority of errors, with the following ranges: 0.46 to 0.90 (test-retest), -0.01 to 1.00 (interrater), and 0.36 to 0.66 (criterion validity). There was a significant correlation between total UL errors and FC swimming performance: r(24) = -.59 (P = .001, R2 = .35). Reliability and validity were moderate for the majority of errors. The fewer UL errors swimmers made while practicing FC, the faster their best FC race times tended to be relative to the conference record. UL errors in FC swimming technique explained 35% of the variance in performance.
AbstractList Swimming technique is widely believed to influence performance, but this relationship has rarely been tested objectively using a real-time poolside assessment. To determine the (1) test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and criterion validity (live vs video) of real-time poolside assessment of upper limb (UL) errors in front crawl (FC) swimming technique and (2) the relationship between UL errors and FC swimming performance. Cross-sectional reliability, validity, and correlational study. Swim team practice at a college natatorium. Thirty-nine Division III college swimmers (21 women and 18 men, age = 19 [1] y, swimming experience = 11 [3] y). Seven UL errors in FC swimming technique, many of which involved unnecessary vertical and mediolateral motions, were assessed in real time from outside the pool during swim practice. Test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and criterion validity were calculated using Cohen kappa (κ) and weighted kappa (κw). Swimming performance was determined by the participants' best FC events relative to the conference records. The correlation between total UL errors and FC swimming performance was assessed with Pearson r. Cohen κ and κw were moderate for the majority of errors, with the following ranges: 0.46 to 0.90 (test-retest), -0.01 to 1.00 (interrater), and 0.36 to 0.66 (criterion validity). There was a significant correlation between total UL errors and FC swimming performance: r(24) = -.59 (P = .001, R2 = .35). Reliability and validity were moderate for the majority of errors. The fewer UL errors swimmers made while practicing FC, the faster their best FC race times tended to be relative to the conference record. UL errors in FC swimming technique explained 35% of the variance in performance.
Author Ebaugh, David
Silfies, Sheri P
Pollen, Travis R
Hutchinson, Dean
Mohring, Jason
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Travis R
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1731-6936
  surname: Pollen
  fullname: Pollen, Travis R
  organization: Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA,USA
– sequence: 2
  givenname: David
  surname: Ebaugh
  fullname: Ebaugh, David
  organization: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE,USA
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Jason
  surname: Mohring
  fullname: Mohring, Jason
  organization: Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA,USA
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Dean
  surname: Hutchinson
  fullname: Hutchinson, Dean
  organization: Strive Swim Science Center, Moorestown Field House, Moorestown, NJ,USA
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Sheri P
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4120-5358
  surname: Silfies
  fullname: Silfies, Sheri P
  organization: Department of Exercise Science, Program in Physical Therapy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC,USA
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36126940$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNo10MtKAzEYBeAgir3o0q3kBabmNreVlNJqoaBo67Zkkn80JZdp0lq69cmtqKuzOPAdOAN07oMHhG4oGVHK-N0mxREjjGZE8PwM9WkueMZJyXpokNKGEMqZIJeoxwvKilqQPvqaJ_wC0mZL4wA_h2CT0YDHKUFKDvwOhxavug4iXhjX4GmMISZsPJ7FcGonUR4sfj0Y54x_x0tQH95s93BCrZGNBSy9xtPt3nxK-8PtAn47LQQ89tIek0n3V-iilTbB9V8O0Wo2XU4es8XTw3wyXmSK1XyXtYRzxbQuZd7USmjBaUVzTRlpcmCSsByqggItS1GDhraSUqmGKlYVQlUVY0N0--t2-8aBXnfROBmP6_8z2DfM_mIY
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_26603_001c_90282
crossref_primary_10_4085_1062_6050_0658_21
ContentType Journal Article
DBID CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
DOI 10.1123/jsr.2021-0435
DatabaseName Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
DatabaseTitle MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
DatabaseTitleList MEDLINE
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod no_fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
Physical Therapy
EISSN 1543-3072
ExternalDocumentID 36126940
Genre Journal Article
GroupedDBID ---
-~X
0R~
2QV
36B
53G
5GY
6PF
AAWTL
ABIVO
ACGFO
AENEX
AIAGR
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
CGR
CUY
CVF
DXH
EBD
EBS
ECM
EIF
EJD
F5P
HZ~
NPM
O9-
P2P
RHK
TWZ
UPT
WH7
YCJ
YQT
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c293t-f033c2dd7a5b9c4d431815d120b5e2a025e861e17749edef8aaccb1c2864c8822
IngestDate Tue Aug 27 13:44:50 EDT 2024
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 2
Keywords coaching
performance
stroke mechanics
biomechanics
validity
Language English
LinkModel OpenURL
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c293t-f033c2dd7a5b9c4d431815d120b5e2a025e861e17749edef8aaccb1c2864c8822
ORCID 0000-0002-4120-5358
0000-0003-1731-6936
PMID 36126940
ParticipantIDs pubmed_primary_36126940
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2023-Feb-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2023-02-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 02
  year: 2023
  text: 2023-Feb-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace United States
PublicationPlace_xml – name: United States
PublicationTitle Journal of sport rehabilitation
PublicationTitleAlternate J Sport Rehabil
PublicationYear 2023
SSID ssj0013240
Score 2.36317
Snippet Swimming technique is widely believed to influence performance, but this relationship has rarely been tested objectively using a real-time poolside assessment....
SourceID pubmed
SourceType Index Database
StartPage 183
SubjectTerms Adult
Biomechanical Phenomena
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Humans
Male
Reproducibility of Results
Swimming
Upper Extremity
Young Adult
Title Is Real-Time Poolside Assessment of Upper Limb Errors in Front Crawl Swimming Technique Reliable and Equivalent to Video Analysis?
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36126940
Volume 32
hasFullText
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1La9tAEF6cFkIufaTvF3PozajVrlavUwmpixNICNQuuYXVakVcbMuVbQI99hf1J3ZmVw_bfdD2IowWr4Xm8-ib0cw3jL1Wfp7yjEtPpNL3pOaFp7Iw8jAWKWJ83KvUNgqfnUfDsTy9DC97ve8bVUvrVfZGf_1lX8n_WBXPoV2pS_YfLNtuiifwM9oXj2hhPP6VjU-oyUNNPerj6F-U5ZRmb_aPWrFNYoLjxcJU1MeUoc-raLTOZI50tcTV40rdTPsfbyazGSUMRq2cK9Up25YqyqoPvqwneNG0HfLUT_gLZStlslMWuMFubbTcr7Z0wFs3TMkKNxW5IpGDrmhxkKm1e-mzUWtPFcHXVT175VQtu42G6xWVgtZNY-9NjfQ6iSGCpu6ZnkG145UB5cG2PHOX-WwDZOdmuRt-87P7tzIUn5ck9Cq450snhbIBhcXMYiFAYhelTijqz6s7atzN0h7bixMaFXJO2aH2rZX0Gx1XEbzduo4Dtt98dyeCsUxmdI_dqY0ERw5P91nPzA_Z_lldZHHI7l7U_10YOcmJB-zbyRJapEGDNOiQBmUBFmlASAOHNJjMwSINLNKgQRq0SIMGaYBIgw5psCrBIg0apL17yMYfBqPjoVdP7_A0UsiVV_hBoEWexyrMUi1zZKoJD3Mu_Cw0QiHXNknEDcf4IzW5KRKltM64FkkkNcZ94hG7NS_n5gmDwMRK8ySLha-kTJBAhb6OE6kkF0UaFU_ZY3dDrxZOouWqudXPfrvynB10QHzBbhfoE8xLJJir7JW16g9we32z
link.rule.ids 780
linkProvider National Library of Medicine
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+Real-Time+Poolside+Assessment+of+Upper+Limb+Errors+in+Front+Crawl+Swimming+Technique+Reliable+and+Equivalent+to+Video+Analysis%3F&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+sport+rehabilitation&rft.au=Pollen%2C+Travis+R&rft.au=Ebaugh%2C+David&rft.au=Mohring%2C+Jason&rft.au=Hutchinson%2C+Dean&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft.eissn=1543-3072&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=183&rft_id=info:doi/10.1123%2Fjsr.2021-0435&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36126940&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36126940&rft.externalDocID=36126940