Extending Life of Lithium-Ion Battery Systems by Embracing Heterogeneities via an Optimal Control-Based Active Balancing Strategy - Azimi, Vahid; Allam, Anirudh; Onori, Simona (IEEE transactions on control systems technology, 2023)
Keywords: Active control; Aging; Balancing; Batteries; Charging; Circuits; Collocation methods; Computer architecture; Degradation; electrochemical modeling; Heterogeneity; Initial conditions; Lithium-ion batteries; Manufacturing defects; Microprocessors; Modules; Nonlinear programming; Optimal control; Rechargeable batteries; Solvents; State of charge; Temperature control; Vehicle dynamics