Identity Authentication in Two-Subject Environments Using Microwave Doppler Radar and Machine Learning Classifiers

• Published in: IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques Vol. 70; no. 11; pp. 5063 - 5076
• Main Authors: Islam, Shekh M. M., Boric-Lubecke, Olga, Lubecke, Victor M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.11.2022; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Air flow; Algorithms; Authentication; Breathing; Classifiers; Doppler radar; Dynamic segmentation; Experiments; Feature extraction; Heuristic algorithms; identity authentication; Image segmentation; Independent component analysis; Internet of Things; Machine learning; machine learning (ML) classifiers; Microwave theory and techniques; Mixtures; Radar; Radar antennas; Radar signatures; Receivers; Respiration; RF sensing; Support vector machines; Triangulation; Virtual reality
• DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2022.3197413
• ISSN: 0018-9480

Identity authentication based on Doppler radar respiration sensing is gaining attention as it requires neither contact nor line of sight and does not give rise to privacy concerns associated with video imaging. Prior research demonstrating the recognition of individuals has been limited to isolated single-subject scenarios. When two equidistant subjects are present, identification is more challenging due to the interference of respiration motion patterns in the reflected radar signal. In this research, respiratory signature separation techniques are functionally combined with machine learning (ML) classifiers for reliable subject identity authentication. An improved version of the dynamic segmentation algorithm (peak search and triangulation) was proposed, which can extract distinguishable airflow profile-related features (exhale area, inhale area, inhale/exhale speed, and breathing depth) for medium-scale experiments of 20 different participants to examine the feasibility of extraction of an individual's respiratory features from a combined mixture of motions for subjects. Independent component analysis with the joint approximation of diagonalization of eigenmatrices (ICA-JADE) algorithm was employed to isolate individual respiratory signatures from combined mixtures of breathing patterns. The extracted hyperfeature sets were then evaluated by integrating two different popular ML classifiers, k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM), for subject authentication. Accuracies of 97.5% for two-subject experiments and 98.33% for single-subject experiments were achieved, which supersedes the performance of prior reported methods. The proposed identity authentication approach has several potential applications, including security/surveillance, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, virtual reality, and health monitoring.