A Framework for Task Cooperation within Systems Containing Intelligent Components
The increased power and speed of computers, coupled with the potential application of artificial intelligence within command and control (C2) systems, has complicated decisions regarding allocation of tasks to humans and computers. A new approach to addressing human-computer interaction issues-dubbe...
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Published in | IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics Vol. 16; no. 6; pp. 788 - 793 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
New York, NY
IEEE
01.11.1986
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | The increased power and speed of computers, coupled with the potential application of artificial intelligence within command and control (C2) systems, has complicated decisions regarding allocation of tasks to humans and computers. A new approach to addressing human-computer interaction issues-dubbed "cognitive systems engineering"-can be used as the basis for designing human-computer cooperation into C2 systems. Fusion, a specific aspect of C2 systems, is selected as a testbed for developing C2 cognitive engineering principles. The principles are developed by examining the relationship between how unaided human judges perform fusion and how systems currently perform fusion, assessing where problems do and could occur, and recommending first steps toward their solution via cooperative human-computer interaction. The issue of C2 data relevance determination appears to be a particularly appropriate candidate for joint human-computer problem solving. |
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AbstractList | The increased power and speed of computers, coupled with the potential application of artificial intelligence within command and control (C2) systems, has complicated decisions regarding allocation of tasks to humans and computers. A new approach to addressing human-computer interaction issues-dubbed "cognitive systems engineering"-can be used as the basis for designing human-computer cooperation into C2 systems. Fusion, a specific aspect of C2 systems, is selected as a testbed for developing C2 cognitive engineering principles. The principles are developed by examining the relationship between how unaided human judges perform fusion and how systems currently perform fusion, assessing where problems do and could occur, and recommending first steps toward their solution via cooperative human-computer interaction. The issue of C2 data relevance determination appears to be a particularly appropriate candidate for joint human-computer problem solving. |
Author | Schwartz, Jeffrey P. Shrier, Stefan Kullback, Joseph H. |
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Cites_doi | 10.1016/0005-1098(75)90044-8 10.2307/1420883 10.1016/0030-5073(73)90024-X 10.1037/h0027592 10.1037/0278-7393.8.3.208 10.1037/h0042245 10.1016/0749-5978(89)90043-5 10.1145/800049.801815 10.1109/TAC.1979.1102177 10.1037/h0082908 10.1037/0033-2909.90.2.272 10.1037/0096-3445.112.1.117 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01262.x 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1979.tb02137.x 10.1037/h0022484 10.1037/h0093874 10.1037/h0022125 10.1016/S0020-7373(83)80034-0 10.1111/j.1467-9450.1963.tb01324.x 10.1016/0005-1098(75)90021-7 10.1145/800049.801810 |
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Keywords | Problem solving Man machine relation Correlation Artificial intelligence Control system Cognitive system |
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References | ref13 wohl (ref37) 1984; 1 ref36 ref30 ref11 ref32 ref10 schwartz (ref27) 1985 woods (ref38) 1984 (ref19) 1984 ref2 thomas (ref34) 1984 ref17 alspach (ref1) 1975; ii burton (ref7) 1982 nisbett (ref21) 1980 ref18 (ref35b) 1978 klayman (ref20) 1984 hoffman (ref15) 1968 card (ref8) 1983 ref24 geddes (ref12) 1985 ref26 ref25 (ref23) 1982 ref22 ref28 ref29 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5 card (ref9) 1984 goodman (ref14) 1979 tolcott (ref35a) 1979 slovic (ref31) 1982 ref40 stech (ref33) 1986 woods (ref39) 1986 hogarth (ref16) 1980 |
References_xml | – year: 1980 ident: ref21 publication-title: Human inference Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment contributor: fullname: nisbett – year: 1986 ident: ref33 publication-title: Personal communication contributor: fullname: stech – year: 1978 ident: ref35b publication-title: Report of a meeting of the Technical Cooperation Program – volume: ii start-page: 285 year: 1975 ident: ref1 article-title: A Gaussian sum approach to the multi-target identification-tracking problem publication-title: Automatica doi: 10.1016/0005-1098(75)90044-8 contributor: fullname: alspach – ident: ref30 doi: 10.2307/1420883 – year: 1984 ident: ref38 article-title: Cognitive technologies: The design of joint human-machine cognitive systems publication-title: Proc Symp sponsored by Metropolitan Chapter of the Human Factors Society contributor: fullname: woods – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(73)90024-X – start-page: 287 year: 1985 ident: ref27 article-title: Determining the relevance of cues: A new type of decision support publication-title: Proc of Annual Conf of AAAI contributor: fullname: schwartz – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1037/h0027592 – year: 1983 ident: ref8 publication-title: The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction contributor: fullname: card – year: 1979 ident: ref35a publication-title: Human factors in command and control contributor: fullname: tolcott – ident: ref29 doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.8.3.208 – year: 1980 ident: ref16 publication-title: Judgment and Choice The Psychology of Decision contributor: fullname: hogarth – start-page: 53 year: 1968 ident: ref15 publication-title: Formal Representation of Human Judgment contributor: fullname: hoffman – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1037/h0042245 – year: 1982 ident: ref7 publication-title: Intelligent Tutoring Systems contributor: fullname: burton – year: 1984 ident: ref20 publication-title: Confirmation disconfirmation and information in hypothesis testing contributor: fullname: klayman – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(89)90043-5 – start-page: 76 year: 1984 ident: ref19 publication-title: Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1145/800049.801815 – start-page: 160 year: 1985 ident: ref12 article-title: Intent inferencing using scripts and plans publication-title: Proc of Annual Conf of AAAI contributor: fullname: geddes – year: 1982 ident: ref31 publication-title: Human Performance and Productivity contributor: fullname: slovic – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1109/TAC.1979.1102177 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1037/h0082908 – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.90.2.272 – year: 1982 ident: ref23 publication-title: Mental Models – volume: 1 start-page: 261 year: 1984 ident: ref37 publication-title: Advances in Man-Machine Systems Research contributor: fullname: wohl – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.112.1.117 – year: 1984 ident: ref9 article-title: Human factors and the intelligent interface publication-title: Proc Symp sponsored by Metropolitan Chapter of the Human Factors Society contributor: fullname: card – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01262.x – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1979.tb02137.x – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1037/h0022484 – year: 1979 ident: ref14 publication-title: Naval ocean surveillance correlation handbook 1978 contributor: fullname: goodman – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1037/h0093874 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1037/h0022125 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1016/S0020-7373(83)80034-0 – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.1963.tb01324.x – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1016/0005-1098(75)90021-7 – ident: ref40 doi: 10.1145/800049.801810 – year: 1986 ident: ref39 publication-title: Intelligent Decision Aids contributor: fullname: woods – year: 1984 ident: ref34 article-title: Artificial intelligence and human factors publication-title: Proc Symp sponsored by Metropolitan Chapter of the Human Factors Society contributor: fullname: thomas |
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SubjectTerms | Application software Applied sciences Artificial intelligence Command and control systems Computer science; control theory; systems Design engineering Exact sciences and technology Humans Intelligent systems Learning and adaptive systems Power engineering and energy Power engineering computing System testing Systems engineering and theory |
Title | A Framework for Task Cooperation within Systems Containing Intelligent Components |
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