On the Derivation of Subject wh-Words and Theory of Cartography
In this article, we examine the syntactic derivation of subject wh-words in Jordanian Arabic. Firstly, we provide empirical evidence that questions with a subject wh-word are syntactically derived by overt movement of the given subject wh-word to the left periphery. This empirical evidence is based...
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| Published in | Fudan journal of the humanities and social sciences Vol. 16; no. 3; pp. 329 - 357 |
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| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg
01.09.2023
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| Abstract | In this article, we examine the syntactic derivation of subject wh-words in Jordanian Arabic. Firstly, we provide empirical evidence that questions with a subject wh-word are syntactically derived by overt movement of the given subject wh-word to the left periphery. This empirical evidence is based on the position of the subject wh-words to the left of the high IP adverbials, including epistemic adverbials and evidentials, as well as the position of the subject wh-words relative to topical elements. Secondly, we examine the intriguing ban on the use of subject wh-words in VSO sentences although non-interrogative subjects are permitted to occur in such clauses, and other wh-words may appear in their thematic positions (given the appropriate context). We show that this ban results from the effects of a proposed economy-driven condition that disallows the use of an expletive (to fill Spec, TP) while the thematic subject is available (in Spec, vP). Additionally, we show that this ban results from the interactions of the effects of criterial freezing and the conditions that licence elements in the low IP area. |
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| AbstractList | In this article, we examine the syntactic derivation of subject wh-words in Jordanian Arabic. Firstly, we provide empirical evidence that questions with a subject wh-word are syntactically derived by overt movement of the given subject wh-word to the left periphery. This empirical evidence is based on the position of the subject wh-words to the left of the high IP adverbials, including epistemic adverbials and evidentials, as well as the position of the subject wh-words relative to topical elements. Secondly, we examine the intriguing ban on the use of subject wh-words in VSO sentences although non-interrogative subjects are permitted to occur in such clauses, and other wh-words may appear in their thematic positions (given the appropriate context). We show that this ban results from the effects of a proposed economy-driven condition that disallows the use of an expletive (to fill Spec, TP) while the thematic subject is available (in Spec, vP). Additionally, we show that this ban results from the interactions of the effects of criterial freezing and the conditions that licence elements in the low IP area. |
| Author | Al Qaisiya, Fatima Jarrah, Marwan Al-Deaibes, Mutasim |
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| Copyright | Fudan University 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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| Keywords | Expletives The low IP area Jordanian Arabic Wh-movement Criterial freezing |
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| References | JarrahMarwanFactivity and subject extraction in Jordanian ArabicLingua201921910612610.1016/j.lingua.2018.12.002 Wahba, Wafaa. 1984. Wh-constructions in Egyptian Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Rizzi, Luigi. 2005. On some properties of subjects and topics. In Contribution to the thirtieth incontro di grammatica generativa, eds. Laura Brugé, Giuliana Giusti, Nicola Munaro, Walter Schweikert, and Giuseppina Turano, 203–224. Venezia: Cafoscarina. YasinAymanLower and Higher Copies in ArabicInternational Journal of Arabic-English Studies2019198710210.33806/ijaes2000.19.1.5 Abdel-RazaqIssaWho is what and what is who: The Morphosyntax of Arabic WH2015NewcastleCambridge Scholars Publishing El-YasinMohammedBasic word order in classical Arabic and Jordanian ArabicLingua19856510712210.1016/0024-3841(85)90022-1 Gad, Rehab. 2011. A syntactic study of wh-movement in Egyptian Arabic within the Minimalist Program. Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds. ShlonskyUrOuhallaJamalShlonskyUrConstituent questions in Palestinian ArabicThemes in Arabic and Hebrew syntax2002DordrechtSpringer13715910.1007/978-94-010-0351-3_5 JayaseelanKarattuparambilTopic, focus and adverb positions in clause structureNanzan Linguistics200844346 MohammadMohammadEidMushiraThe problem of subject-verb agreement in Arabic: Towards a SolutionPerspectives in Arabic Linguistics1990AmsterdamBenjamins9512510.1075/cilt.63.07moh SoltanUsamaOn issues of Arabic syntax: An essay in syntactic argumentationBrill's Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics2011323628010.1163/187666311X562486 JarrahMarwanAlshamariMurdhyThe syntax of the evidential particle ʃikil in Jordanian ArabicItalian Journal of Linguistics201729295610.26346/1120-2726-109 Sabel, Joachim, and Jochen Zeller. 2006. Wh-question formation in Nguni. In Annual conference on African linguistics (ACAL) 35, 271–283. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. RoqueSanLilaSimeon FloydNorcliffeElisabethEvidentiality and interrogativityLingua201718612014310.1016/j.lingua.2014.11.003 RizziLuigiSvenoniusPeterSome consequences of criterial freezingFunctional structure from top to toe: The cartography of syntactic structures2014OxfordOxford University Press194610.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740390.003.0002 ChungFannyTranslating culture-bound elements: A case study of traditional Chinese theatre in the socio-cultural context of Hong KongFudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences202114339341510.1007/s40647-021-00322-w ChomskyNoamThe minimalist program1995Cambridge, Mass.MIT Press CinqueGuglielmoAdverbs and functional heads: A cross-linguistic perspective1999OxfordOxford University Press MaslovaElenaEvidentiality in YukaghirTypological Studies in Language20035421923610.1075/tsl.54.12mas ShlonskyUrClause structure and word order in Hebrew and Arabic: An essay in comparative Semitic syntax1997OxfordOxford University Press AlgryaniAliSluicing in Libyan ArabicAl-'arabiyya201144–454163 Al-Daher, Zeyad. 2016. Pseudo wh-fronting: A diagnosis of wh-constructions in Jordanian Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, University of Manitoba. BolotinNaomiEidMushiraArabic and parametric VSO agreementPerspectives on Arabic linguistics1995AmsterdamBenjamins927 AbohEnochLeftward focus versus rightward focus: The KwaBantu conspiracySOAS Working Papers in Linguistics20071581104 Alshammari, Naif. 2019. Multiple and conjoined wh-questions in Najdi Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, Newcastle University. Alshamari, Murdhy. 2017. Topic particles in the North Hail dialect of Najdi Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, Newcastle University. AikhenvaldAlexandraEvidentiality2004OxfordOxford University Press BenmamounElabbasEveraertMartinvan RiemsdijkHenkVSO word order, primarily in Arabic languagesThe Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax20172HobokenWiley-Blackwell130 Soltan, Usama. 2007. On formal feature licensing in minimalism: Aspects of Standard Arabic morphosyntax. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park. Musabhien, Mamdouh. 2009. Case, agreement and movement in Arabic: a minimalist approach. Doctoral dissertation, Newcastle University. BellettiAdrianaExtended doubling and the VP peripheryProbus20051713510.1515/prbs.2005.17.1.1 Alsarayreh, Atef. 2012. The licensing of negative sensitive items in Jordanian Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas. JarrahMarwanA cartographic approach to embedded word orders in Jordanian ArabicFolia Linguistica20195336741010.1515/flin-2019-2015 Al-Shawashreh, Ekab. 2016. Aspects of grammatical variation in Jordanian Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa. JarrahMarwanAlghazoSharifAl SalemMoh’dDiscourse functions of the wh-word Su: in Jordanian ArabicLingue e Linguaggio20191829131810.1418/95394 EndoYoshioLocality and information structure2007AmsterdamBenjamins10.1075/la.116 RizziLuigiShlonskyUrGartnerHans-MartinSauerlandUliStrategies of subject extractionInterfaces + recursion = language? In Chomsky’s minimalism and the view from syntax-semantics2007Berlinde Gruyter11516010.1515/9783110207552.115 HaegemanLilianeAdverbial clauses, main clause phenomena, and the composition of the left periphery2012OxfordOxford University Press10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199858774.001.0001 BrugéLauraFunctional heads2012OxfordOxford University Press Fassi FehriAbdelkaderIssues in the structure of Arabic clauses and words1993DordrechtKluwer10.1007/978-94-017-1986-5 AounJosephBenmamounElabbasChoueiriLinaThe syntax of Arabic2010CambridgeCambridge University Press MohammadMohammadWord order, agreement, and pronominalization in Standard and Palestinian Arabic2000AmsterdamBenjamin JarrahMarwanAbusalimNimerIn favour of the low IP area in the Arabic clause structure: Evidence from the VSO word order in Jordanian ArabicNatural Language & Linguistic Theory20213912315610.1007/s11049-020-09474-y ShlonskyUrRizziLuigiKnechtHartmannMarionKonietzkoAndreasWinklerSusanneCriterial freezing in small clauses and the cartography of copular constructionsFreezing: Theoretical approaches and empirical domains2018Berlinde Gruyter520 Al-ShawashrehEkabMarwan JarrahMohd OmariAl-DeaibesMutasimA prosodic account of wh-formation in Jordanian ArabicLingua201923110274110.1016/j.lingua.2019.102741 LeungTommiThe preposition stranding generalization and conditions on sluicing: Evidence from Emirati ArabicLinguistic Inquiry20144533234010.1162/LING_a_00158 Bahloul, Maher, and Wayne Herbert. 1993. Agreement asymmetries in Arabic. In Proceedings of the west coast conference on formal linguistics, Vol. 11, ed. Jonathan Mead, 15–31. Stanford: CSLI Publications. Sulaiman, Mais. 2016. The syntax of wh-questions in Syrian Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, Newcastle University. BellettiAdrianaRizziLuigiAspects of the low IP areaThe structure of IP and CP: The cartography of syntactic structures2004OxfordOxford University Press651 BenmamounElabbasThe Feature structure of functional categories: A Comparative study of Arabic Dialects2000OxfordOxford University Press RizziLuigiBellettiAdrianaLocality and the left peripheryStructure and beyond2004OxfordOxford University Press223251 RizziLuigiHaegemanLilianeThe fine structure of the left peripheryElements of grammar: Handbook in generative syntax1997DordrechtKluwer28133710.1007/978-94-011-5420-8_7 HungAndrew"God" and" Logos" in Context: Paradox of Ricoeur’s Linguistic Hospitality and Chinese Bible TranslationFudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences20221612210.1007/s40647-022-00349-7 AounJosephBenmamounElabbasSporticheDominiqueAgreement, word order, and conjunction in some varieties of ArabicLinguistic Inquiry199425195220 Wahba, Wafaa. 1992. LF movement in Iraqi Arabic. In Logical structure and linguistic structure, ed. by C.T. James Huang and Robert May, 253–276. Springer, Dordrecht. 372_CR43 Marwan Jarrah (372_CR32) 2017; 29 Elena Maslova (372_CR36) 2003; 54 Mohammad Mohammad (372_CR38) 2000 Marwan Jarrah (372_CR30) 2019; 53 372_CR4 Ayman Yasin (372_CR55) 2019; 19 372_CR7 Andrew Hung (372_CR28) 2022; 16 372_CR39 Luigi Rizzi (372_CR40) 2007 372_CR9 Marwan Jarrah (372_CR31) 2019; 18 Luigi Rizzi (372_CR44) 2014 372_CR8 Joseph Aoun (372_CR11) 2010 Ur Shlonsky (372_CR49) 2018 Noam Chomsky (372_CR20) 1995 Enoch Aboh (372_CR2) 2007; 15 Mohammad Mohammad (372_CR37) 1990 Tommi Leung (372_CR35) 2014; 45 Marwan Jarrah (372_CR29) 2019; 219 Joseph Aoun (372_CR12) 1994; 25 Elabbas Benmamoun (372_CR17) 2017 Naomi Bolotin (372_CR18) 1995 372_CR26 Adriana Belletti (372_CR15) 2005; 17 Karattuparambil Jayaseelan (372_CR34) 2008; 4 (372_CR19) 2012 Liliane Haegeman (372_CR27) 2012 Luigi Rizzi (372_CR42) 2004 San Roque (372_CR46) 2017; 186 Yoshio Endo (372_CR24) 2007 Ekab Al-Shawashreh (372_CR5) 2019; 231 Alexandra Aikhenvald (372_CR3) 2004 Ur Shlonsky (372_CR47) 1997 372_CR13 372_CR10 Ur Shlonsky (372_CR48) 2002 372_CR54 Ali Algryani (372_CR6) 2011; 44–45 372_CR53 372_CR52 Luigi Rizzi (372_CR41) 1997 372_CR50 Fanny Chung (372_CR21) 2021; 14 Elabbas Benmamoun (372_CR16) 2000 Mohammed El-Yasin (372_CR23) 1985; 65 Guglielmo Cinque (372_CR22) 1999 Abdelkader Fassi Fehri (372_CR25) 1993 Adriana Belletti (372_CR14) 2004 Usama Soltan (372_CR51) 2011; 3 Marwan Jarrah (372_CR33) 2021; 39 Issa Abdel-Razaq (372_CR1) 2015 372_CR45 |
| References_xml | – reference: EndoYoshioLocality and information structure2007AmsterdamBenjamins10.1075/la.116 – reference: RoqueSanLilaSimeon FloydNorcliffeElisabethEvidentiality and interrogativityLingua201718612014310.1016/j.lingua.2014.11.003 – reference: LeungTommiThe preposition stranding generalization and conditions on sluicing: Evidence from Emirati ArabicLinguistic Inquiry20144533234010.1162/LING_a_00158 – reference: Bahloul, Maher, and Wayne Herbert. 1993. Agreement asymmetries in Arabic. In Proceedings of the west coast conference on formal linguistics, Vol. 11, ed. Jonathan Mead, 15–31. Stanford: CSLI Publications. – reference: Musabhien, Mamdouh. 2009. Case, agreement and movement in Arabic: a minimalist approach. Doctoral dissertation, Newcastle University. – reference: Sulaiman, Mais. 2016. The syntax of wh-questions in Syrian Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, Newcastle University. – reference: CinqueGuglielmoAdverbs and functional heads: A cross-linguistic perspective1999OxfordOxford University Press – reference: JarrahMarwanAlshamariMurdhyThe syntax of the evidential particle ʃikil in Jordanian ArabicItalian Journal of Linguistics201729295610.26346/1120-2726-109 – reference: AikhenvaldAlexandraEvidentiality2004OxfordOxford University Press – reference: RizziLuigiHaegemanLilianeThe fine structure of the left peripheryElements of grammar: Handbook in generative syntax1997DordrechtKluwer28133710.1007/978-94-011-5420-8_7 – reference: Gad, Rehab. 2011. A syntactic study of wh-movement in Egyptian Arabic within the Minimalist Program. Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds. – reference: ChungFannyTranslating culture-bound elements: A case study of traditional Chinese theatre in the socio-cultural context of Hong KongFudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences202114339341510.1007/s40647-021-00322-w – reference: Sabel, Joachim, and Jochen Zeller. 2006. Wh-question formation in Nguni. In Annual conference on African linguistics (ACAL) 35, 271–283. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. – reference: BellettiAdrianaRizziLuigiAspects of the low IP areaThe structure of IP and CP: The cartography of syntactic structures2004OxfordOxford University Press651 – reference: Wahba, Wafaa. 1992. LF movement in Iraqi Arabic. In Logical structure and linguistic structure, ed. by C.T. James Huang and Robert May, 253–276. Springer, Dordrecht. – reference: Alshammari, Naif. 2019. Multiple and conjoined wh-questions in Najdi Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, Newcastle University. – reference: AounJosephBenmamounElabbasChoueiriLinaThe syntax of Arabic2010CambridgeCambridge University Press – reference: JayaseelanKarattuparambilTopic, focus and adverb positions in clause structureNanzan Linguistics200844346 – reference: ChomskyNoamThe minimalist program1995Cambridge, Mass.MIT Press – reference: JarrahMarwanAbusalimNimerIn favour of the low IP area in the Arabic clause structure: Evidence from the VSO word order in Jordanian ArabicNatural Language & Linguistic Theory20213912315610.1007/s11049-020-09474-y – reference: BenmamounElabbasThe Feature structure of functional categories: A Comparative study of Arabic Dialects2000OxfordOxford University Press – reference: AounJosephBenmamounElabbasSporticheDominiqueAgreement, word order, and conjunction in some varieties of ArabicLinguistic Inquiry199425195220 – reference: Soltan, Usama. 2007. On formal feature licensing in minimalism: Aspects of Standard Arabic morphosyntax. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park. – reference: Fassi FehriAbdelkaderIssues in the structure of Arabic clauses and words1993DordrechtKluwer10.1007/978-94-017-1986-5 – reference: JarrahMarwanA cartographic approach to embedded word orders in Jordanian ArabicFolia Linguistica20195336741010.1515/flin-2019-2015 – reference: Alsarayreh, Atef. 2012. The licensing of negative sensitive items in Jordanian Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas. – reference: Alshamari, Murdhy. 2017. Topic particles in the North Hail dialect of Najdi Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, Newcastle University. – reference: Abdel-RazaqIssaWho is what and what is who: The Morphosyntax of Arabic WH2015NewcastleCambridge Scholars Publishing – reference: Al-Daher, Zeyad. 2016. Pseudo wh-fronting: A diagnosis of wh-constructions in Jordanian Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, University of Manitoba. – reference: AlgryaniAliSluicing in Libyan ArabicAl-'arabiyya201144–454163 – reference: MaslovaElenaEvidentiality in YukaghirTypological Studies in Language20035421923610.1075/tsl.54.12mas – reference: AbohEnochLeftward focus versus rightward focus: The KwaBantu conspiracySOAS Working Papers in Linguistics20071581104 – reference: MohammadMohammadEidMushiraThe problem of subject-verb agreement in Arabic: Towards a SolutionPerspectives in Arabic Linguistics1990AmsterdamBenjamins9512510.1075/cilt.63.07moh – reference: JarrahMarwanFactivity and subject extraction in Jordanian ArabicLingua201921910612610.1016/j.lingua.2018.12.002 – reference: BellettiAdrianaExtended doubling and the VP peripheryProbus20051713510.1515/prbs.2005.17.1.1 – reference: SoltanUsamaOn issues of Arabic syntax: An essay in syntactic argumentationBrill's Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics2011323628010.1163/187666311X562486 – reference: ShlonskyUrRizziLuigiKnechtHartmannMarionKonietzkoAndreasWinklerSusanneCriterial freezing in small clauses and the cartography of copular constructionsFreezing: Theoretical approaches and empirical domains2018Berlinde Gruyter520 – reference: ShlonskyUrOuhallaJamalShlonskyUrConstituent questions in Palestinian ArabicThemes in Arabic and Hebrew syntax2002DordrechtSpringer13715910.1007/978-94-010-0351-3_5 – reference: HungAndrew"God" and" Logos" in Context: Paradox of Ricoeur’s Linguistic Hospitality and Chinese Bible TranslationFudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences20221612210.1007/s40647-022-00349-7 – reference: Al-ShawashrehEkabMarwan JarrahMohd OmariAl-DeaibesMutasimA prosodic account of wh-formation in Jordanian ArabicLingua201923110274110.1016/j.lingua.2019.102741 – reference: Rizzi, Luigi. 2005. On some properties of subjects and topics. In Contribution to the thirtieth incontro di grammatica generativa, eds. Laura Brugé, Giuliana Giusti, Nicola Munaro, Walter Schweikert, and Giuseppina Turano, 203–224. Venezia: Cafoscarina. – reference: BolotinNaomiEidMushiraArabic and parametric VSO agreementPerspectives on Arabic linguistics1995AmsterdamBenjamins927 – reference: HaegemanLilianeAdverbial clauses, main clause phenomena, and the composition of the left periphery2012OxfordOxford University Press10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199858774.001.0001 – reference: Al-Shawashreh, Ekab. 2016. Aspects of grammatical variation in Jordanian Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa. – reference: El-YasinMohammedBasic word order in classical Arabic and Jordanian ArabicLingua19856510712210.1016/0024-3841(85)90022-1 – reference: BenmamounElabbasEveraertMartinvan RiemsdijkHenkVSO word order, primarily in Arabic languagesThe Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax20172HobokenWiley-Blackwell130 – reference: RizziLuigiSvenoniusPeterSome consequences of criterial freezingFunctional structure from top to toe: The cartography of syntactic structures2014OxfordOxford University Press194610.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740390.003.0002 – reference: RizziLuigiShlonskyUrGartnerHans-MartinSauerlandUliStrategies of subject extractionInterfaces + recursion = language? In Chomsky’s minimalism and the view from syntax-semantics2007Berlinde Gruyter11516010.1515/9783110207552.115 – reference: RizziLuigiBellettiAdrianaLocality and the left peripheryStructure and beyond2004OxfordOxford University Press223251 – reference: BrugéLauraFunctional heads2012OxfordOxford University Press – reference: YasinAymanLower and Higher Copies in ArabicInternational Journal of Arabic-English Studies2019198710210.33806/ijaes2000.19.1.5 – reference: JarrahMarwanAlghazoSharifAl SalemMoh’dDiscourse functions of the wh-word Su: in Jordanian ArabicLingue e Linguaggio20191829131810.1418/95394 – reference: MohammadMohammadWord order, agreement, and pronominalization in Standard and Palestinian Arabic2000AmsterdamBenjamin – reference: ShlonskyUrClause structure and word order in Hebrew and Arabic: An essay in comparative Semitic syntax1997OxfordOxford University Press – reference: Wahba, Wafaa. 1984. Wh-constructions in Egyptian Arabic. 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| Snippet | In this article, we examine the syntactic derivation of subject wh-words in Jordanian Arabic. Firstly, we provide empirical evidence that questions with a... |
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| Title | On the Derivation of Subject wh-Words and Theory of Cartography |
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