Microplastic loads in Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) feces—targeting a standardized protocol and first results from an alpine stream, the River Inn

• Published in: Environmental monitoring and assessment Vol. 196; no. 8; p. 707
• Main Authors: Nopp-Mayr, Ursula, Layendecker, Sarah, Sittenthaler, Marcia, Philipp, Matthias, Kägi, Ralf, Weinberger, Irene
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.08.2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Aquatic habitats; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Bioaccumulation; Bioindicators; Carnivorous animals; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecology; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Management; Faeces; Feces; Fish; Freshwater mammals; Indicator species; Mammals; Microfibers; Microplastics; Monitoring/Environmental Analysis; Otters; Plastic debris; Predators; Rivers; Stream pollution; Threatened species; Wildlife; Workflow; Apex predator; Sample preparation; Spraint; Road abrasion; Particle extraction; Tire wear
• ISSN: 0167-6369; 1573-2959; 1573-2959
• DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12791-z

Microplastics (MP) are omnipresent in a wide range of environments, constituting a potential threat for aquatic and terrestrial wildlife. Effects in consumers range from physical injuries to pathological reactions. Due to potential bioaccumulation of MP, predators are of particular concern for MP induced health effects. The Eurasian otter is an apex predator in (semi-)aquatic habitats feeding primarily on fish. Furthermore, the species is classified as “near threatened” on the IUCN Red List. Thus, the Eurasian otter is of conservation concern and may serve as a bioindicator for MP pollution. Feces can be used to detect pollutants, including MP. Initial studies confirmed the presence of MP in otter feces (= spraints). However, as specific, validated protocols targeting at an efficient and standardized extraction of MP from otter spraints are missing, experimental results reported from different groups are challenging to compare. Therefore, we (i) present steps towards a standardized protocol for the extraction of MP from otter feces, (ii) give recommendations for field sample collection of otter spraints, and (iii) provide a user-friendly step-by-step workflow for MP extraction and analysis. Applying this framework to field samples from five study sites along the River Inn ( n = 50), we detected MP of different sizes and shapes (ranging from microfibers to road abrasion and tire wear) in all otter spraint samples.