Microbeam X-Ray Investigation of the Structural Transition from Circularly Banded to Ringless Dendritic Assemblies in Poly(Butylene Adipate) Through Dilution with Poly(Ethylene Oxide)

In this study, growth mechanisms are proposed to understand how banded dendritic crystal aggregates in poly(1,4-butylene adipate) (PBA) transform into straight dendrites upon dilution with a large quantity of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (25–90 wt.%). In growth packing, crystal plates are deformed in...

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Published in	Polymers Vol. 17; no. 15; p. 2040
Main Authors	Nagarajan, Selvaraj, Chang, Chia-I, Lin, I-Chuan, Chen, Yu-Syuan, Su, Chean-Cheng, Lee, Li-Ting, Woo, Eamor M.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Switzerland MDPI AG 26.07.2025 MDPI
Subjects	Assemblies Crystal growth Crystallization Dendritic crystals Dendritic structure Dilution Ethylene oxide Investigations Iridescence Microbeams Morphology Plates Polyethylene oxide Polymers Radiation Scanning electron microscopy Self-assembly Single crystals Solvents Spherulites Structural analysis X-rays United States > US Japan scanning electron microscopy structural coloration microbeam X-ray analysis poly(butylene adipate) lamellar self-assembly synchrotron radiation
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Abstract	In this study, growth mechanisms are proposed to understand how banded dendritic crystal aggregates in poly(1,4-butylene adipate) (PBA) transform into straight dendrites upon dilution with a large quantity of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (25–90 wt.%). In growth packing, crystal plates are deformed in numerous ways, such as bending, scrolling, and twisting in self-assembly, into final aggregated morphologies of periodic bands or straight dendrites. Diluting PBA with a significant amount of PEO uncovers intricate periodic banded assemblies, facilitating better structural analysis. Both circularly banded and straight dendritic PBA aggregates have similar basic lamellar patterns. In straight dendritic PBA spherulites, crystal plates can twist from edge-on to flat-on, similar to those in ring-banded spherulites. Therefore, twists—whether continuous or discontinuous—are not limited to the conventional models proposed for classical periodic-banded spherulites. Thus, it would not be universally accurate to claim that the periodic circular bands observed in polymers or small-molecule compounds are caused by continuous lamellar helix twists. Straight dendrites, which do not exhibit optical bands, may also involve alternate crystal twists or scrolls during growth. Iridescence tests are used to compare the differences in crystal assemblies of straight dendrites vs. circularly banded PBA crystals.
AbstractList	In this study, growth mechanisms are proposed to understand how banded dendritic crystal aggregates in poly(1,4-butylene adipate) (PBA) transform into straight dendrites upon dilution with a large quantity of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (25–90 wt.%). In growth packing, crystal plates are deformed in numerous ways, such as bending, scrolling, and twisting in self-assembly, into final aggregated morphologies of periodic bands or straight dendrites. Diluting PBA with a significant amount of PEO uncovers intricate periodic banded assemblies, facilitating better structural analysis. Both circularly banded and straight dendritic PBA aggregates have similar basic lamellar patterns. In straight dendritic PBA spherulites, crystal plates can twist from edge-on to flat-on, similar to those in ring-banded spherulites. Therefore, twists—whether continuous or discontinuous—are not limited to the conventional models proposed for classical periodic-banded spherulites. Thus, it would not be universally accurate to claim that the periodic circular bands observed in polymers or small-molecule compounds are caused by continuous lamellar helix twists. Straight dendrites, which do not exhibit optical bands, may also involve alternate crystal twists or scrolls during growth. Iridescence tests are used to compare the differences in crystal assemblies of straight dendrites vs. circularly banded PBA crystals. In this study, growth mechanisms are proposed to understand how banded dendritic crystal aggregates in poly(1,4-butylene adipate) (PBA) transform into straight dendrites upon dilution with a large quantity of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (25-90 wt.%). In growth packing, crystal plates are deformed in numerous ways, such as bending, scrolling, and twisting in self-assembly, into final aggregated morphologies of periodic bands or straight dendrites. Diluting PBA with a significant amount of PEO uncovers intricate periodic banded assemblies, facilitating better structural analysis. Both circularly banded and straight dendritic PBA aggregates have similar basic lamellar patterns. In straight dendritic PBA spherulites, crystal plates can twist from edge-on to flat-on, similar to those in ring-banded spherulites. Therefore, twists-whether continuous or discontinuous-are not limited to the conventional models proposed for classical periodic-banded spherulites. Thus, it would not be universally accurate to claim that the periodic circular bands observed in polymers or small-molecule compounds are caused by continuous lamellar helix twists. Straight dendrites, which do not exhibit optical bands, may also involve alternate crystal twists or scrolls during growth. Iridescence tests are used to compare the differences in crystal assemblies of straight dendrites vs. circularly banded PBA crystals.In this study, growth mechanisms are proposed to understand how banded dendritic crystal aggregates in poly(1,4-butylene adipate) (PBA) transform into straight dendrites upon dilution with a large quantity of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (25-90 wt.%). In growth packing, crystal plates are deformed in numerous ways, such as bending, scrolling, and twisting in self-assembly, into final aggregated morphologies of periodic bands or straight dendrites. Diluting PBA with a significant amount of PEO uncovers intricate periodic banded assemblies, facilitating better structural analysis. Both circularly banded and straight dendritic PBA aggregates have similar basic lamellar patterns. In straight dendritic PBA spherulites, crystal plates can twist from edge-on to flat-on, similar to those in ring-banded spherulites. Therefore, twists-whether continuous or discontinuous-are not limited to the conventional models proposed for classical periodic-banded spherulites. Thus, it would not be universally accurate to claim that the periodic circular bands observed in polymers or small-molecule compounds are caused by continuous lamellar helix twists. Straight dendrites, which do not exhibit optical bands, may also involve alternate crystal twists or scrolls during growth. Iridescence tests are used to compare the differences in crystal assemblies of straight dendrites vs. circularly banded PBA crystals.
Author	Su, Chean-Cheng Lin, I-Chuan Chen, Yu-Syuan Nagarajan, Selvaraj Woo, Eamor M. Lee, Li-Ting Chang, Chia-I
AuthorAffiliation	2 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811726, Taiwan; ccsu@nuk.edu.tw 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701-01, Taiwan; nagarajan.tech@gmail.com (S.N.); mike19961103@yahoo.com.tw (C.-I.C.); jane880311@gmail.com (I.-C.L.); ju02091@gmail.com (Y.-S.C.) 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407-24, Taiwan
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 2 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811726, Taiwan; ccsu@nuk.edu.tw – name: 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407-24, Taiwan – name: 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701-01, Taiwan; nagarajan.tech@gmail.com (S.N.); mike19961103@yahoo.com.tw (C.-I.C.); jane880311@gmail.com (I.-C.L.); ju02091@gmail.com (Y.-S.C.)
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Snippet	In this study, growth mechanisms are proposed to understand how banded dendritic crystal aggregates in poly(1,4-butylene adipate) (PBA) transform into straight...
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SubjectTerms	Assemblies Crystal growth Crystallization Dendritic crystals Dendritic structure Dilution Ethylene oxide Investigations Iridescence Microbeams Morphology Plates Polyethylene oxide Polymers Radiation Scanning electron microscopy Self-assembly Single crystals Solvents Spherulites Structural analysis X-rays
Title	Microbeam X-Ray Investigation of the Structural Transition from Circularly Banded to Ringless Dendritic Assemblies in Poly(Butylene Adipate) Through Dilution with Poly(Ethylene Oxide)
URI	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40808088 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3239077920 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3239402417 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12349629
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