Remembering Contradiction Information in the Light of the Hypothesis of an Unconscious Search for a Resolution of Contradictions
Contradictory information is changed in the subject’s mind: sometimes contradictions are not noticed, smoothed out, superseded, but sometimes they attract attention, become more contradictory and are well remembered. It can be a result of two different mechanisms: the contradiction avoidance mechani...
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Published in | Èksperimentalʹnaâ psihologiâ Vol. 13; no. 1; pp. 20 - 34 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | Russian |
Published |
Moscow State University of Psychology and Education
01.01.2020
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Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 2072-7593 2311-7036 |
DOI | 10.17759/exppsy.2020130102 |
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Abstract | Contradictory information is changed in the subject’s mind: sometimes contradictions are not noticed, smoothed out, superseded, but sometimes they attract attention, become more contradictory and are well remembered. It can be a result of two different mechanisms: the contradiction avoidance mechanism and contradiction resolution mechanism. The avoidance mechanism starts working before the contradictions are conscious (and it makes them worse for remembering), and the solution mechanism starts working after the contradictions are conscious (and it makes them better for remembering). In our experiments, we have shown that contradictory information is better reproduced with a clue and it is better identified as compared to non-contradictory information, if the contradiction resolution mechanism works for a longer time. In experiments 2 and 3 this was done by creating a readiness of subjects to recognize information as contradictory by presenting block of contradictory sentences; in experiment 4 the time interval between presenting information and reproduction was increased. In the light of our hypothesis, the results of other studies on the processing of conscious and unconscious contradictions considered.
Противоречивая информация трансформируется в сознании субъекта: в одних случаях противоречия не замечаются, сглаживаются, вытесняются, в других — привлекают внимание, усиливаются и хорошо запоминаются. Такие особенности запоминания определяются работой двух разнонаправленных механизмов памяти: механизма избегания противоречий и механизма поиска их разрешения. При этом механизм избегания начинает работать до осознания противоречий (и ухудшает их запоминание), а механизм разрешения — после осознания противоречий (и улучшает их запоминание). В наших экспериментах мы показали, что противоречивая информация воспроизводится по подсказке и опознается точнее непротиворечивой, если обеспечить более длительную работу механизма разрешения противоречий. С этой целью в экспериментах 2 и 3 у испытуемых формировалась готовность осознавать информацию как противоречивую (с помощью предъявления списков только из противоречивых высказываний), в эксперименте 4 был увеличен временной промежуток между предъявлением информации и воспроизведением. В свете нашей гипотезы рассматриваются результаты других исследований переработки осознанных и неосознанных противоречий разного вида. |
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AbstractList | Contradictory information is changed in the subject’s mind: sometimes contradictions are not noticed, smoothed out, superseded, but sometimes they attract attention, become more contradictory and are well remembered. It can be a result of two different mechanisms: the contradiction avoidance mechanism and contradiction resolution mechanism. The avoidance mechanism starts working before the contradictions are conscious (and it makes them worse for remembering), and the solution mechanism starts working after the contradictions are conscious (and it makes them better for remembering). In our experiments, we have shown that contradictory information is better reproduced with a clue and it is better identified as compared to non-contradictory information, if the contradiction resolution mechanism works for a longer time. In experiments 2 and 3 this was done by creating a readiness of subjects to recognize information as contradictory by presenting block of contradictory sentences; in experiment 4 the time interval between presenting information and reproduction was increased. In the light of our hypothesis, the results of other studies on the processing of conscious and unconscious contradictions considered. Contradictory information is changed in the subject’s mind: sometimes contradictions are not noticed, smoothed out, superseded, but sometimes they attract attention, become more contradictory and are well remembered. It can be a result of two different mechanisms: the contradiction avoidance mechanism and contradiction resolution mechanism. The avoidance mechanism starts working before the contradictions are conscious (and it makes them worse for remembering), and the solution mechanism starts working after the contradictions are conscious (and it makes them better for remembering). In our experiments, we have shown that contradictory information is better reproduced with a clue and it is better identified as compared to non-contradictory information, if the contradiction resolution mechanism works for a longer time. In experiments 2 and 3 this was done by creating a readiness of subjects to recognize information as contradictory by presenting block of contradictory sentences; in experiment 4 the time interval between presenting information and reproduction was increased. In the light of our hypothesis, the results of other studies on the processing of conscious and unconscious contradictions considered. Противоречивая информация трансформируется в сознании субъекта: в одних случаях противоречия не замечаются, сглаживаются, вытесняются, в других — привлекают внимание, усиливаются и хорошо запоминаются. Такие особенности запоминания определяются работой двух разнонаправленных механизмов памяти: механизма избегания противоречий и механизма поиска их разрешения. При этом механизм избегания начинает работать до осознания противоречий (и ухудшает их запоминание), а механизм разрешения — после осознания противоречий (и улучшает их запоминание). В наших экспериментах мы показали, что противоречивая информация воспроизводится по подсказке и опознается точнее непротиворечивой, если обеспечить более длительную работу механизма разрешения противоречий. С этой целью в экспериментах 2 и 3 у испытуемых формировалась готовность осознавать информацию как противоречивую (с помощью предъявления списков только из противоречивых высказываний), в эксперименте 4 был увеличен временной промежуток между предъявлением информации и воспроизведением. В свете нашей гипотезы рассматриваются результаты других исследований переработки осознанных и неосознанных противоречий разного вида. |
Author | Starodubcev, A.S. Allakhverdov, V.M. |
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