Performance of the Large Hadron Collider's Cryogenic Bypass Diodes Over the First Two Physics Runs, Future Projects, and Perspectives
Cryogenic bypass diodes have been installed in all superconducting dipole magnets (1232) and quadrupole magnets (392) of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, and operated during the physics runs since 2009. The bypass diodes are a fundamental ingredient of the quench protection system for those...
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Published in | IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity Vol. 30; no. 4; pp. 1 - 4 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
New York
IEEE
01.06.2020
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
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Abstract | Cryogenic bypass diodes have been installed in all superconducting dipole magnets (1232) and quadrupole magnets (392) of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, and operated during the physics runs since 2009. The bypass diodes are a fundamental ingredient of the quench protection system for those main dipoles and quadrupoles magnets. The diodes are located inside the magnet cryostats, operating in superfluid helium and exposed to ionizing radiation. The connection between the superconducting magnet and the bypass diode is made through a mechanical clamping system and copper bus bars. Since their first installation, all LHC diodes have undergone at least two full thermal cycles (from 1.9 K to room temperature and back to superfluid helium temperature). The evolution of electrical parameters as well as improvements and modifications made over a period of 10 years are reviewed in this paper. With CERN preparing for LHC's High Luminosity era, the long-term strategy for cold diodes is presented, based on the overall results and experience gathered so far, including the studies related to the tolerance with respect to the radiation doses and neutron fluences expected. |
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AbstractList | Cryogenic bypass diodes have been installed in all superconducting dipole magnets (1232) and quadrupole magnets (392) of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, and operated during the physics runs since 2009. The bypass diodes are a fundamental ingredient of the quench protection system for those main dipoles and quadrupoles magnets. The diodes are located inside the magnet cryostats, operating in superfluid helium and exposed to ionizing radiation. The connection between the superconducting magnet and the bypass diode is made through a mechanical clamping system and copper bus bars. Since their first installation, all LHC diodes have undergone at least two full thermal cycles (from 1.9 K to room temperature and back to superfluid helium temperature). The evolution of electrical parameters as well as improvements and modifications made over a period of 10 years are reviewed in this paper. With CERN preparing for LHC's High Luminosity era, the long-term strategy for cold diodes is presented, based on the overall results and experience gathered so far, including the studies related to the tolerance with respect to the radiation doses and neutron fluences expected. |
Author | Will, Andreas Wollmann, Daniel Stachon, Krzysztof Siemko, Andrzej Hagedorn, Dietrich Denz, Reiner Verweij, Arjan Monteuuis, Arnaud Rodriguez-Mateos, Felix D'Angelo, Giorgio Charifoulline, Zinour Favre, Mathieu |
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SubjectTerms | Bars bypass diode CERN Contacts Cryogenics Cryostats diode stack Diodes Dipoles Fluids Helium high-current contacts Ionizing radiation Large Hadron Collider Liquid helium Luminosity Magnets Parameter modification Quadrupoles quench protection radiation Room temperature semiconductor Semiconductor diodes Superconducting magnet Superconducting magnets Superconductivity Superfluidity |
Title | Performance of the Large Hadron Collider's Cryogenic Bypass Diodes Over the First Two Physics Runs, Future Projects, and Perspectives |
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