Bacterial cellulose as a carbon nano-fiber precursor: Enhancement of thermal stability and electrical conductivity

• Published in: Bioresources Vol. 15; no. 2; pp. 3408 - 3426
• Main Authors: Rezaei, Fateme, Behrooz, Rabi, Arbab, Shahram, Sabet, Ehsanollah Nosratian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Raleigh North Carolina State University 01.05.2020
• Subjects: Bacteria; Calorimetry; Carbon; Carbon fibers; Carbonization; Cellulose; Cellulose fibers; Crystallites; Crystals; Differential scanning calorimetry; Electrical conductivity; Electrical resistivity; Flame retardants; Fourier analysis; Fourier transforms; Heating rate; Infrared analysis; Infrared spectroscopy; ISO standards; Nanofibers; Precursors; Scanning electron microscopy; Sheets; Spectrum analysis; Thermal stability; Thermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diffraction
• ISSN: 1930-2126; 1930-2126
• DOI: 10.15376/biores.15.2.3408-3426

Bacterial cellulose was selected as a potential precursor for the production of carbon nanofiber because of its high purity and crystallinity. Diammonium phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) as a flame retardant was used to impregnate the cellulosic nanofiber sheet precursor in order to increase its thermal stability during the thermal processing. Also, the effect of heating rate on the stabilization and carbonization processes of cellulosic nanofiber samples was investigated. The precursor and resulted carbon nanofiber sheets were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and electrical characteristics. The results showed that the simultaneous usage of flame retardant (diammonium phosphate) and low heating rate in the stabilization process (2 °C min-1) increases thermal stability of cellulosic nanofiber sheets and the carbon yield. The presence of a flame retardant acts like a low heating rate effect but does not significantly affect the high heating rate of the stabilization process. As carbonization temperature increased, electrical conductivity and crystallite size were increased for impregnated samples. The carbonization process at 1200 °C, with a heating rate of 2 °C min-1, makes bacterial cellulose precursor an appropriate candidate for producing carbon nanofiber sheets with proper electrical characteristics.