Electrochemical inactivation of enteric viruses MS2, T4, and Phi6 using doped laser-induced graphene electrodes and filters
Pathogenic virus inactivation is crucial to eliminate the substantial risk they cause to human health and to ensure safe drinking water. Conventional water disinfection methods generate harmful disinfection by-products and have high energy demands or the possibility of regrowth of microorganisms. Al...
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Published in | Environmental science. Nano Vol. 1; no. 8; pp. 277 - 289 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Cambridge
Royal Society of Chemistry
10.08.2023
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Subjects | |
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Abstract | Pathogenic virus inactivation is crucial to eliminate the substantial risk they cause to human health and to ensure safe drinking water. Conventional water disinfection methods generate harmful disinfection by-products and have high energy demands or the possibility of regrowth of microorganisms. Alternatively, emerging techniques like electrochemical disinfection have opened new opportunities in water treatment by using efficient electrodes to inactivate microbes. Furthermore, graphene-based electrodes have shown their effectiveness at low voltage for electrochemical disinfection. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a single-step, low-cost fabrication technique of graphene surfaces, and its catalytic activity can be improved further by doping. In the present study, we have fabricated titanium suboxide (TSO)-doped LIG electrodes and filters in a single step for electrochemical virus inactivation. Three model surrogates with structural resemblance to enteric viruses,
viz.
bacteriophages MS2, T4, and Phi6, were employed during the disinfection experiments. In the batch mode, under varying voltages and TSO doping concentration, the highest virus inactivation was attained at 2.5 V using LIG-TiO
x
10 electrodes. Subsequently, LIG-TiO
x
filters were fabricated where the complete removal of ∼6 log was achieved for MS2 at 2.5 V, and for T4 and Phi6 at 10 V. The trend in inactivation efficiency in both operating conditions was MS2 > Phi6 > T4, highlighting the varying susceptibilities between the viruses to disinfection. Furthermore, the viruses' inactivation mechanism was recognized as combining nanofiber-enhanced electric field-induced electroporation and electrochemically generated reactive species. The present work will help to design electrochemical disinfection devices and show how the best efficiency can be achieved for different viruses in water purification applications.
Titanium suboxide-doped laser-induced graphene holds great potential to inactivate model enteric viruses MS2, T4, and Phi6. The mechanism of inactivation was recognized as the combination of electric field-induced effects and electrooxidation. |
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AbstractList | Pathogenic virus inactivation is crucial to eliminate the substantial risk they cause to human health and to ensure safe drinking water. Conventional water disinfection methods generate harmful disinfection by-products and have high energy demands or the possibility of regrowth of microorganisms. Alternatively, emerging techniques like electrochemical disinfection have opened new opportunities in water treatment by using efficient electrodes to inactivate microbes. Furthermore, graphene-based electrodes have shown their effectiveness at low voltage for electrochemical disinfection. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a single-step, low-cost fabrication technique of graphene surfaces, and its catalytic activity can be improved further by doping. In the present study, we have fabricated titanium suboxide (TSO)-doped LIG electrodes and filters in a single step for electrochemical virus inactivation. Three model surrogates with structural resemblance to enteric viruses,
viz.
bacteriophages MS2, T4, and Phi6, were employed during the disinfection experiments. In the batch mode, under varying voltages and TSO doping concentration, the highest virus inactivation was attained at 2.5 V using LIG-TiO
x
10 electrodes. Subsequently, LIG-TiO
x
filters were fabricated where the complete removal of ∼6 log was achieved for MS2 at 2.5 V, and for T4 and Phi6 at 10 V. The trend in inactivation efficiency in both operating conditions was MS2 > Phi6 > T4, highlighting the varying susceptibilities between the viruses to disinfection. Furthermore, the viruses' inactivation mechanism was recognized as combining nanofiber-enhanced electric field-induced electroporation and electrochemically generated reactive species. The present work will help to design electrochemical disinfection devices and show how the best efficiency can be achieved for different viruses in water purification applications.
Titanium suboxide-doped laser-induced graphene holds great potential to inactivate model enteric viruses MS2, T4, and Phi6. The mechanism of inactivation was recognized as the combination of electric field-induced effects and electrooxidation. Pathogenic virus inactivation is crucial to eliminate the substantial risk they cause to human health and to ensure safe drinking water. Conventional water disinfection methods generate harmful disinfection by-products and have high energy demands or the possibility of regrowth of microorganisms. Alternatively, emerging techniques like electrochemical disinfection have opened new opportunities in water treatment by using efficient electrodes to inactivate microbes. Furthermore, graphene-based electrodes have shown their effectiveness at low voltage for electrochemical disinfection. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a single-step, low-cost fabrication technique of graphene surfaces, and its catalytic activity can be improved further by doping. In the present study, we have fabricated titanium suboxide (TSO)-doped LIG electrodes and filters in a single step for electrochemical virus inactivation. Three model surrogates with structural resemblance to enteric viruses, viz. bacteriophages MS2, T4, and Phi6, were employed during the disinfection experiments. In the batch mode, under varying voltages and TSO doping concentration, the highest virus inactivation was attained at 2.5 V using LIG-TiOx10 electrodes. Subsequently, LIG-TiOx filters were fabricated where the complete removal of ∼6 log was achieved for MS2 at 2.5 V, and for T4 and Phi6 at 10 V. The trend in inactivation efficiency in both operating conditions was MS2 > Phi6 > T4, highlighting the varying susceptibilities between the viruses to disinfection. Furthermore, the viruses' inactivation mechanism was recognized as combining nanofiber-enhanced electric field-induced electroporation and electrochemically generated reactive species. The present work will help to design electrochemical disinfection devices and show how the best efficiency can be achieved for different viruses in water purification applications. Pathogenic virus inactivation is crucial to eliminate the substantial risk they cause to human health and to ensure safe drinking water. Conventional water disinfection methods generate harmful disinfection by-products and have high energy demands or the possibility of regrowth of microorganisms. Alternatively, emerging techniques like electrochemical disinfection have opened new opportunities in water treatment by using efficient electrodes to inactivate microbes. Furthermore, graphene-based electrodes have shown their effectiveness at low voltage for electrochemical disinfection. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a single-step, low-cost fabrication technique of graphene surfaces, and its catalytic activity can be improved further by doping. In the present study, we have fabricated titanium suboxide (TSO)-doped LIG electrodes and filters in a single step for electrochemical virus inactivation. Three model surrogates with structural resemblance to enteric viruses, viz. bacteriophages MS2, T4, and Phi6, were employed during the disinfection experiments. In the batch mode, under varying voltages and TSO doping concentration, the highest virus inactivation was attained at 2.5 V using LIG-TiO x 10 electrodes. Subsequently, LIG-TiO x filters were fabricated where the complete removal of ∼6 log was achieved for MS2 at 2.5 V, and for T4 and Phi6 at 10 V. The trend in inactivation efficiency in both operating conditions was MS2 > Phi6 > T4, highlighting the varying susceptibilities between the viruses to disinfection. Furthermore, the viruses' inactivation mechanism was recognized as combining nanofiber-enhanced electric field-induced electroporation and electrochemically generated reactive species. The present work will help to design electrochemical disinfection devices and show how the best efficiency can be achieved for different viruses in water purification applications. |
Author | Singh, Swatantra P Barbhuiya, Najmul H Kumar, Ashish Nair, Akhila M |
AuthorAffiliation | Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS) Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED) Centre of Excellence on Membrane Technologies for Desalination, Brine Management, and Water Recycling (DeSaltM) |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS) – name: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay – name: Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED) – name: Centre of Excellence on Membrane Technologies for Desalination, Brine Management, and Water Recycling (DeSaltM) – name: Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Akhila M surname: Nair fullname: Nair, Akhila M – sequence: 2 givenname: Ashish surname: Kumar fullname: Kumar, Ashish – sequence: 3 givenname: Najmul H surname: Barbhuiya fullname: Barbhuiya, Najmul H – sequence: 4 givenname: Swatantra P surname: Singh fullname: Singh, Swatantra P |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2023_169043 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jes_2024_06_005 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsomega_4c00959 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsanm_4c01366 crossref_primary_10_1021_acsestengg_4c00154 |
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SubjectTerms | Bacteriophages Catalytic activity Deactivation Disinfection Doping Drinking water Electric fields Electric filters Electrochemistry Electrodes Electroporation Fabrication Filters Graphene Inactivation Lasers Low voltage Microorganisms Ozone Pathogens Phages Regrowth Titanium oxides Viruses Water purification Water treatment |
Title | Electrochemical inactivation of enteric viruses MS2, T4, and Phi6 using doped laser-induced graphene electrodes and filters |
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