Identification and experimental validation of prognostic genes related to cytochrome c in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignant diseases affecting women. Cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays a critical role in various pathological processes, however, its precise mechanism in BC remains unclear. This study aimed to identify prognostic genes linked to Cyt c in BC and explore thei...

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Published inFrontiers in genetics Vol. 16
Main Authors Yu, Huimin, Li, Shihong, Wu, Jian, Wang, Haobin
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Frontiers Media S.A 11.08.2025
Subjects
breast cancer
cytochrome c
cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
Genetics
prognostic genes
risk model
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Abstract Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignant diseases affecting women. Cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays a critical role in various pathological processes, however, its precise mechanism in BC remains unclear. This study aimed to identify prognostic genes linked to Cyt c in BC and explore their underlying mechanisms. Transcriptome data related to BC were initially obtained from TCGA and GEO database. Prognostic genes were identified through differential expression analysis, univariate Cox regression, and LASSO analysis. A risk model was subsequently developed and validated. Additionally, enrichment analysis, immune microenvironment analysis, and the construction of a TFs-mRNA network were conducted. Finally, the expression levels of prognostic genes were examined in both tumor and normal tissue samples, with confirmation through RT-qPCR. Eight prognostic genes ( CETP , CLEC11A , CYP2A6 , CYP2A7 , GZMB , HGF , LDHC , and PLAU ) were identified. The risk model demonstrated that low-risk individuals have significantly higher survival rates. GSEA results indicated that seven of the prognostic genes are notably enriched in the “cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction” pathway. Transcription factors, such as ATF3 and RUNX1, were found to regulate these prognostic genes. Furthermore, immune cell profiles revealed significant differences between high-risk and low-risk groups. Bioinformatics and RT-qPCR analyses confirmed that CETP and HGF are upregulated in normal tissues, while CLEC11A and PLAU showed higher expression in BC tissues. This study identified eight Cyt c-related prognostic genes and developed a risk model, offering new insights into personalized treatment and prognosis for BC.
AbstractList Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignant diseases affecting women. Cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays a critical role in various pathological processes, however, its precise mechanism in BC remains unclear. This study aimed to identify prognostic genes linked to Cyt c in BC and explore their underlying mechanisms. Transcriptome data related to BC were initially obtained from TCGA and GEO database. Prognostic genes were identified through differential expression analysis, univariate Cox regression, and LASSO analysis. A risk model was subsequently developed and validated. Additionally, enrichment analysis, immune microenvironment analysis, and the construction of a TFs-mRNA network were conducted. Finally, the expression levels of prognostic genes were examined in both tumor and normal tissue samples, with confirmation through RT-qPCR. Eight prognostic genes ( CETP , CLEC11A , CYP2A6 , CYP2A7 , GZMB , HGF , LDHC , and PLAU ) were identified. The risk model demonstrated that low-risk individuals have significantly higher survival rates. GSEA results indicated that seven of the prognostic genes are notably enriched in the “cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction” pathway. Transcription factors, such as ATF3 and RUNX1, were found to regulate these prognostic genes. Furthermore, immune cell profiles revealed significant differences between high-risk and low-risk groups. Bioinformatics and RT-qPCR analyses confirmed that CETP and HGF are upregulated in normal tissues, while CLEC11A and PLAU showed higher expression in BC tissues. This study identified eight Cyt c-related prognostic genes and developed a risk model, offering new insights into personalized treatment and prognosis for BC.
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignant diseases affecting women. Cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays a critical role in various pathological processes, however, its precise mechanism in BC remains unclear. This study aimed to identify prognostic genes linked to Cyt c in BC and explore their underlying mechanisms. Transcriptome data related to BC were initially obtained from TCGA and GEO database. Prognostic genes were identified through differential expression analysis, univariate Cox regression, and LASSO analysis. A risk model was subsequently developed and validated. Additionally, enrichment analysis, immune microenvironment analysis, and the construction of a TFs-mRNA network were conducted. Finally, the expression levels of prognostic genes were examined in both tumor and normal tissue samples, with confirmation through RT-qPCR. Eight prognostic genes ( CETP , CLEC11A , CYP2A6 , CYP2A7 , GZMB , HGF , LDHC , and PLAU ) were identified. The risk model demonstrated that low-risk individuals have significantly higher survival rates. GSEA results indicated that seven of the prognostic genes are notably enriched in the “cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction” pathway. Transcription factors, such as ATF3 and RUNX1, were found to regulate these prognostic genes. Furthermore, immune cell profiles revealed significant differences between high-risk and low-risk groups. Bioinformatics and RT-qPCR analyses confirmed that CETP and HGF are upregulated in normal tissues, while CLEC11A and PLAU showed higher expression in BC tissues. This study identified eight Cyt c-related prognostic genes and developed a risk model, offering new insights into personalized treatment and prognosis for BC.
Author Li, Shihong
Wang, Haobin
Wu, Jian
Yu, Huimin
AuthorAffiliation 1 College of Medicine , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu , China
3 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery , The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu , Chengdu , China
4 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery , The Sixth People’s Hospital of Chengdu , Chengdu , China
2 General Hospital of Western Theater Command , Chengdu , China
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– name: 4 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery , The Sixth People’s Hospital of Chengdu , Chengdu , China
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SSID ssj0000493334
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Snippet Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent malignant diseases affecting women. Cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays a critical role in various pathological...
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pubmedcentral
crossref
SourceType Open Website
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Index Database
SubjectTerms breast cancer
cytochrome c
cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
Genetics
prognostic genes
risk model
Title Identification and experimental validation of prognostic genes related to cytochrome c in breast cancer
URI https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12375475
https://doaj.org/article/22e680d9875044b6b1e7604b561c9349
Volume 16
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