Comparative Effects of Proximal and Distal Small Intestinal Glucose Exposure on Glycemia, Incretin Hormone Secretion, and the Incretin Effect in Health and Type 2 Diabetes

• Published in: Diabetes care Vol. 42; no. 4; pp. 520 - 528
• Main Authors: Zhang, Xiang, Young, Richard L., Bound, Michelle, Hu, Sanyuan, Jones, Karen L., Horowitz, Michael, Rayner, Christopher K., Wu, Tongzhi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Diabetes Association 01.04.2019
• Subjects: Adult; Blood; Blood glucose; Blood Glucose - drug effects; Blood Glucose - metabolism; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - metabolism; Digestive system; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Routes; Female; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide - blood; Gastrointestinal tract; GIP protein; Glucagon; Glucagon-like peptide 1; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 - blood; Glucose; Glucose - administration & dosage; Glucose - pharmacology; Glucose metabolism; Health; Healthy Volunteers; Hormones; Humans; Incretins - metabolism; Insulin - blood; Intestine, Small - drug effects; Intestine, Small - metabolism; Intravenous administration; Male; Medical instruments; Metabolism; Middle Aged; Nutrients; Postprandial Period - drug effects; Research design; Secretion; Small intestine

Cells releasing glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are distributed predominately in the proximal and distal gut, respectively. Hence, the region of gut exposed to nutrients may influence GIP and GLP-1 secretion and impact on the incretin effect and...