Promoting the signal reliability of non-invasive biosensors via a N-doped graphene quantum dot modified Prussian blue analogue protective layer for glucose monitoring
Precise and reliable wearable biosensors are essential for diabetes tracking, enhancing result accuracy for patients. Prussian blue (PB) has been the subject of numerous studies in biosensor development due to its high efficiency in hydrogen peroxide reduction. However, PB's limited stability,...
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| Published in | Journal of materials chemistry. B, Materials for biology and medicine Vol. 13; no. 25; pp. 7381 - 7392 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Royal Society of Chemistry
25.06.2025
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Precise and reliable wearable biosensors are essential for diabetes tracking, enhancing result accuracy for patients. Prussian blue (PB) has been the subject of numerous studies in biosensor development due to its high efficiency in hydrogen peroxide reduction. However, PB's limited stability, especially in neutral pH environments, constrains its practical application. A promising approach is to combine PB with its analogues (PBA), offering a protective layer over PB, though at the cost of reduced sensitivity due to blocked active sites. In a pioneering way, this study incorporates N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) into the protective layer of PBA to address these issues, in conjunction with a PB sensing layer, to develop a wearable biosensor that possesses exceptional stability and accuracy in detection. The NGQDs facilitated the surface reconstruction of PBA driven by a strong electrostatic interaction mechanism, which can notably increase its hydrophilicity for enabling improved H 2 O 2 transport. Through these sequential methods, the surface properties of PBA were successfully improved, resulting in a substantial rise in the overall sensor sensitivity of 221.29 ± 1.77 μA mM −1 cm −2 for H 2 O 2 detection, close to the pristine PB one (247.87 ± 5.35 μA mM −1 cm −2 ). Furthermore, the glucose detection sensitivity was significantly enhanced by the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on the electrode (90.49 ± 1.08 μA mM −1 cm −2 ). In a sequence, this nanomaterial demonstrated outstanding stability with a current density retention rate of 87.37% over long-term operation at a specific concentration, and the sensitivity remained at 88.17% under repeated use. Therefore, our NGQDs/PBA/PB nanocomposite offers a durable, high-performance solution for non-invasive glucose monitoring in human sweat, advancing the development of next-generation wearable biosensors for continuous diabetes management. |
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| AbstractList | Precise and reliable wearable biosensors are essential for diabetes tracking, enhancing result accuracy for patients. Prussian blue (PB) has been the subject of numerous studies in biosensor development due to its high efficiency in hydrogen peroxide reduction. However, PB's limited stability, especially in neutral pH environments, constrains its practical application. A promising approach is to combine PB with its analogues (PBA), offering a protective layer over PB, though at the cost of reduced sensitivity due to blocked active sites. In a pioneering way, this study incorporates N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) into the protective layer of PBA to address these issues, in conjunction with a PB sensing layer, to develop a wearable biosensor that possesses exceptional stability and accuracy in detection. The NGQDs facilitated the surface reconstruction of PBA driven by a strong electrostatic interaction mechanism, which can notably increase its hydrophilicity for enabling improved H
O
transport. Through these sequential methods, the surface properties of PBA were successfully improved, resulting in a substantial rise in the overall sensor sensitivity of 221.29 ± 1.77 μA mM
cm
for H
O
detection, close to the pristine PB one (247.87 ± 5.35 μA mM
cm
). Furthermore, the glucose detection sensitivity was significantly enhanced by the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on the electrode (90.49 ± 1.08 μA mM
cm
). In a sequence, this nanomaterial demonstrated outstanding stability with a current density retention rate of 87.37% over long-term operation at a specific concentration, and the sensitivity remained at 88.17% under repeated use. Therefore, our NGQDs/PBA/PB nanocomposite offers a durable, high-performance solution for non-invasive glucose monitoring in human sweat, advancing the development of next-generation wearable biosensors for continuous diabetes management. Precise and reliable wearable biosensors are essential for diabetes tracking, enhancing result accuracy for patients. Prussian blue (PB) has been the subject of numerous studies in biosensor development due to its high efficiency in hydrogen peroxide reduction. However, PB's limited stability, especially in neutral pH environments, constrains its practical application. A promising approach is to combine PB with its analogues (PBA), offering a protective layer over PB, though at the cost of reduced sensitivity due to blocked active sites. In a pioneering way, this study incorporates N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) into the protective layer of PBA to address these issues, in conjunction with a PB sensing layer, to develop a wearable biosensor that possesses exceptional stability and accuracy in detection. The NGQDs facilitated the surface reconstruction of PBA driven by a strong electrostatic interaction mechanism, which can notably increase its hydrophilicity for enabling improved H2O2 transport. Through these sequential methods, the surface properties of PBA were successfully improved, resulting in a substantial rise in the overall sensor sensitivity of 221.29 ± 1.77 μA mM−1 cm−2 for H2O2 detection, close to the pristine PB one (247.87 ± 5.35 μA mM−1 cm−2). Furthermore, the glucose detection sensitivity was significantly enhanced by the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on the electrode (90.49 ± 1.08 μA mM−1 cm−2). In a sequence, this nanomaterial demonstrated outstanding stability with a current density retention rate of 87.37% over long-term operation at a specific concentration, and the sensitivity remained at 88.17% under repeated use. Therefore, our NGQDs/PBA/PB nanocomposite offers a durable, high-performance solution for non-invasive glucose monitoring in human sweat, advancing the development of next-generation wearable biosensors for continuous diabetes management. Precise and reliable wearable biosensors are essential for diabetes tracking, enhancing result accuracy for patients. Prussian blue (PB) has been the subject of numerous studies in biosensor development due to its high efficiency in hydrogen peroxide reduction. However, PB's limited stability, especially in neutral pH environments, constrains its practical application. A promising approach is to combine PB with its analogues (PBA), offering a protective layer over PB, though at the cost of reduced sensitivity due to blocked active sites. In a pioneering way, this study incorporates N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) into the protective layer of PBA to address these issues, in conjunction with a PB sensing layer, to develop a wearable biosensor that possesses exceptional stability and accuracy in detection. The NGQDs facilitated the surface reconstruction of PBA driven by a strong electrostatic interaction mechanism, which can notably increase its hydrophilicity for enabling improved H2O2 transport. Through these sequential methods, the surface properties of PBA were successfully improved, resulting in a substantial rise in the overall sensor sensitivity of 221.29 ± 1.77 μA mM-1 cm-2 for H2O2 detection, close to the pristine PB one (247.87 ± 5.35 μA mM-1 cm-2). Furthermore, the glucose detection sensitivity was significantly enhanced by the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on the electrode (90.49 ± 1.08 μA mM-1 cm-2). In a sequence, this nanomaterial demonstrated outstanding stability with a current density retention rate of 87.37% over long-term operation at a specific concentration, and the sensitivity remained at 88.17% under repeated use. Therefore, our NGQDs/PBA/PB nanocomposite offers a durable, high-performance solution for non-invasive glucose monitoring in human sweat, advancing the development of next-generation wearable biosensors for continuous diabetes management.Precise and reliable wearable biosensors are essential for diabetes tracking, enhancing result accuracy for patients. Prussian blue (PB) has been the subject of numerous studies in biosensor development due to its high efficiency in hydrogen peroxide reduction. However, PB's limited stability, especially in neutral pH environments, constrains its practical application. A promising approach is to combine PB with its analogues (PBA), offering a protective layer over PB, though at the cost of reduced sensitivity due to blocked active sites. In a pioneering way, this study incorporates N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) into the protective layer of PBA to address these issues, in conjunction with a PB sensing layer, to develop a wearable biosensor that possesses exceptional stability and accuracy in detection. The NGQDs facilitated the surface reconstruction of PBA driven by a strong electrostatic interaction mechanism, which can notably increase its hydrophilicity for enabling improved H2O2 transport. Through these sequential methods, the surface properties of PBA were successfully improved, resulting in a substantial rise in the overall sensor sensitivity of 221.29 ± 1.77 μA mM-1 cm-2 for H2O2 detection, close to the pristine PB one (247.87 ± 5.35 μA mM-1 cm-2). Furthermore, the glucose detection sensitivity was significantly enhanced by the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on the electrode (90.49 ± 1.08 μA mM-1 cm-2). In a sequence, this nanomaterial demonstrated outstanding stability with a current density retention rate of 87.37% over long-term operation at a specific concentration, and the sensitivity remained at 88.17% under repeated use. Therefore, our NGQDs/PBA/PB nanocomposite offers a durable, high-performance solution for non-invasive glucose monitoring in human sweat, advancing the development of next-generation wearable biosensors for continuous diabetes management. Precise and reliable wearable biosensors are essential for diabetes tracking, enhancing result accuracy for patients. Prussian blue (PB) has been the subject of numerous studies in biosensor development due to its high efficiency in hydrogen peroxide reduction. However, PB's limited stability, especially in neutral pH environments, constrains its practical application. A promising approach is to combine PB with its analogues (PBA), offering a protective layer over PB, though at the cost of reduced sensitivity due to blocked active sites. In a pioneering way, this study incorporates N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) into the protective layer of PBA to address these issues, in conjunction with a PB sensing layer, to develop a wearable biosensor that possesses exceptional stability and accuracy in detection. The NGQDs facilitated the surface reconstruction of PBA driven by a strong electrostatic interaction mechanism, which can notably increase its hydrophilicity for enabling improved H 2 O 2 transport. Through these sequential methods, the surface properties of PBA were successfully improved, resulting in a substantial rise in the overall sensor sensitivity of 221.29 ± 1.77 μA mM −1 cm −2 for H 2 O 2 detection, close to the pristine PB one (247.87 ± 5.35 μA mM −1 cm −2 ). Furthermore, the glucose detection sensitivity was significantly enhanced by the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on the electrode (90.49 ± 1.08 μA mM −1 cm −2 ). In a sequence, this nanomaterial demonstrated outstanding stability with a current density retention rate of 87.37% over long-term operation at a specific concentration, and the sensitivity remained at 88.17% under repeated use. Therefore, our NGQDs/PBA/PB nanocomposite offers a durable, high-performance solution for non-invasive glucose monitoring in human sweat, advancing the development of next-generation wearable biosensors for continuous diabetes management. |
| Author | Rinawati, Mia Shi, Ping-Chen Chen, Kuan-Jung Yeh, Min-Hsin Chiu, Yi-Hao Aulia, Sofiannisa Mizuguchi, Hitoshi Li, Chieh Huang, Wei-Hsiang Chang, Ling-Yu |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yi-Hao surname: Chiu fullname: Chiu, Yi-Hao organization: Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan – sequence: 2 givenname: Mia surname: Rinawati fullname: Rinawati, Mia organization: Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan – sequence: 3 givenname: Ling-Yu orcidid: 0009-0009-2180-0406 surname: Chang fullname: Chang, Ling-Yu organization: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan – sequence: 4 givenname: Sofiannisa surname: Aulia fullname: Aulia, Sofiannisa organization: Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan – sequence: 5 givenname: Chieh surname: Li fullname: Li, Chieh organization: Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan – sequence: 6 givenname: Ping-Chen surname: Shi fullname: Shi, Ping-Chen organization: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan – sequence: 7 givenname: Kuan-Jung surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Kuan-Jung organization: Might Electronic Co, Ltd, Hsinchu 30443, Taiwan – sequence: 8 givenname: Wei-Hsiang surname: Huang fullname: Huang, Wei-Hsiang organization: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan, Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Development Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan – sequence: 9 givenname: Hitoshi orcidid: 0000-0003-2396-6812 surname: Mizuguchi fullname: Mizuguchi, Hitoshi organization: Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan – sequence: 10 givenname: Min-Hsin orcidid: 0000-0002-6150-4750 surname: Yeh fullname: Yeh, Min-Hsin organization: Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan, Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Development Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40437926$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | Precise and reliable wearable biosensors are essential for diabetes tracking, enhancing result accuracy for patients. Prussian blue (PB) has been the subject... |
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| SubjectTerms | Biosensing Techniques - methods Biosensors Blood Glucose - analysis Diabetes Diabetes mellitus Electrochemical Techniques Electrostatic properties Ferrocyanides - chemistry Glucose - analysis Glucose monitoring Glucose oxidase Glucose Oxidase - chemistry Glucose Oxidase - metabolism Graphene Graphite - chemistry Humans Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen Peroxide - analysis Immobilization Monitoring Nanocomposites Nanomaterials Pigments Quantum dots Quantum Dots - chemistry Stability Surface Properties Wearable technology |
| Title | Promoting the signal reliability of non-invasive biosensors via a N-doped graphene quantum dot modified Prussian blue analogue protective layer for glucose monitoring |
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