Generating Virtual Machine Code of JavaScript Engine for Embedded Systems
Virtual machines (VMs) for dynamically managed languages such as JavaScript are generally implemented in C or C++. Implementation of VMs in such low-level languages offers the advantage of high flexibility, but it suffers from problems of descriptiveness and safety. These problems are due to the fac...
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| Published in | Journal of Information Processing Vol. 30; pp. 679 - 693 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Information Processing Society of Japan
2022
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| Abstract | Virtual machines (VMs) for dynamically managed languages such as JavaScript are generally implemented in C or C++. Implementation of VMs in such low-level languages offers the advantage of high flexibility, but it suffers from problems of descriptiveness and safety. These problems are due to the fact that even though a variety of VM operations are based on the VM's internal datatypes for first-class objects in the target language, the C code typically treats all VM internal datatypes as a single type in C. In addition, VMs implemented in C or C++ have a size problem which is a serious issue for VMs on embedded systems. The reason for this problem is the difficulty of eliminating unnecessary code fragments from the C code for a specific application. To solve these problems, we propose a domain-specific language for describing VM programs and a corresponding compiler to C programs, called VMDL and VMDLC, respectively. We also propose related utility tools. This framework enables generation of C source code for an eJSVM, a JavaScript VM for embedded systems. VMDL's concise syntax enables static VM datatype analysis for optimizations and error detection. We evaluated the framework and confirmed its effectiveness from both qualitative and quantitative viewpoints. |
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| AbstractList | Virtual machines (VMs) for dynamically managed languages such as JavaScript are generally implemented in C or C++. Implementation of VMs in such low-level languages offers the advantage of high flexibility, but it suffers from problems of descriptiveness and safety. These problems are due to the fact that even though a variety of VM operations are based on the VM's internal datatypes for first-class objects in the target language, the C code typically treats all VM internal datatypes as a single type in C. In addition, VMs implemented in C or C++ have a size problem which is a serious issue for VMs on embedded systems. The reason for this problem is the difficulty of eliminating unnecessary code fragments from the C code for a specific application. To solve these problems, we propose a domain-specific language for describing VM programs and a corresponding compiler to C programs, called VMDL and VMDLC, respectively. We also propose related utility tools. This framework enables generation of C source code for an eJSVM, a JavaScript VM for embedded systems. VMDL's concise syntax enables static VM datatype analysis for optimizations and error detection. We evaluated the framework and confirmed its effectiveness from both qualitative and quantitative viewpoints. |
| Author | Iwasaki, Hideya Hirasawa, Yuta Onozawa, Hiro Ugawa, Tomoharu |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Hirasawa, Yuta organization: The University of Electro-Communications – sequence: 2 fullname: Iwasaki, Hideya organization: The University of Electro-Communications – sequence: 3 fullname: Ugawa, Tomoharu organization: The University of Tokyo – sequence: 4 fullname: Onozawa, Hiro organization: The University of Electro-Communications |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1145/3062341.3062381 10.1145/2400682.2400689 10.1007/3-540-48228-8_70 10.1007/978-3-642-03237-0_17 10.1145/2509578.2509581 10.1145/800017.800542 10.1145/96709.96722 10.1145/2658761.2658776 10.1145/2989225.2989232 10.1007/978-3-540-25935-0_12 10.1016/j.cola.2019.01.003 10.1145/1328897.1328486 10.1147/sj.442.0399 10.1145/74878.74884 10.1145/53990.54007 10.1007/978-3-540-31985-6_18 10.1002/spe.434 10.1145/362248.362270 10.1145/3386327 10.1145/3459898.3463903 |
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| References | [17] Onozawa, H., Iwasaki, H. and Ugawa, T.: Customizing JavaScript Virtual Machines for Specific Applications and Execution Environments (in Japanese), Computer Software, Vol.38, No.3, pp.23-40 (2021). [9] Graver, J.O. and Johnson, R.E.: A Type System for Smalltalk, Conference Record of 17th Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL 1990), pp.136-150, ACM (1990). [21] Ugawa, T., Iwasaki, H. and Kataoka, T.: eJSTK: Building JavaScript virtual machines with customized datatypes for embedded systems, J. Comput. Lang., Vol.51, pp.261-279 (2019). [12] Humer, C., Wimmer, C., Wirth, C., Wöß, A. and Würthinger, T.: A domain-specific language for building self-optimizing AST interpreters, Proc. 2014 International Conference on Generative Programming: Concepts and Experiences (GPCE 2014), pp.123-132, ACM (2014). [15] Marr, S., Daloze, B. and Mössenböck, H.: Cross-Language Compiler Benchmarking—Are We Fast Yet?, Proc. 12th Symposium on Dynamic Languages (DLS 2016), pp.120-131, ACM (2016). [25] Würthinger, T., Wimmer, C., Wöß, A., Stadler, L., Duboscq, G., Humer, C., Richards, G., Simon, D. and Wolczko, M.: One VM to rule them all, Proc. ACM Symposium on New Ideas in Programming and Reflections on Software (Onward! 2013), pp.187-204, ACM (2013). [19] Shivers, O.: Control-Flow Analysis in Scheme, Proc. ACM SIGPLAN'88 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI 1988), pp.164-174, ACM (1988). [23] Wirfs-Brock, A. and Eich, B.: JavaScript: The first 20 years, Proc. ACM Program. Lang., Vol.4, No.HOPL, pp.77:1-77:189 (2020). [24] Würthinger, T., Wimmer, C., Humer, C., Wöß, A., Stadler, L., Seaton, C., Duboscq, G., Simon, D. and Grimmer, M.: Practical partial evaluation for high-performance dynamic language runtimes, Proc. 38th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI 2017), pp.662-676, ACM (2017). [8] Ertl, M.A., Gregg, D., Krall, A. and Paysan, B.: Vmgen: A generator of efficient virtual machine interpreters, Softw., Pract. Exper., Vol.32, No.3, pp.265-294 (2002). [16] Monat, R., Ouadjaout, A. and Miné, A.: Static Type Analysis by Abstract Interpretation of Python Programs, 34th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2020), LIPIcs, Vol.166, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, pp.17:1-17:29 (2020). [2] Bell, J.R.: Threaded Code, Comm. ACM, Vol.16, No.6, pp.370-372 (1973). [6] ECMA International: Standard ECMA-262 - ECMAScript 2021 Language Specification (2021). [1] Alpern, B., Augart, S., Blackburn, S.M., Butrico, M.A., Cocchi, A., Cheng, P., Dolby, J., Fink, S.J., Grove, D., Hind, M., McKinley, K.S., Mergen, M.F., Moss, J.E.B., Ngo, T.A., Sarkar, V. and Trapp, M.: The Jikes Research Virtual Machine project: Building an open-source research community, IBM Syst. J., Vol.44, No.2, pp.399-418 (2005). [18] Onozawa, H., Ugawa, T. and Iwasaki, H.: Fusuma: Double-ended threaded compaction, Proc. 2021 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Memory Management (ISMM 2021), pp.94-106, ACM (2021). [22] Wimmer, C., Haupt, M., de Vanter, M.L.V., Jordan, M.J., Daynès, L. and Simon, D.: Maxine: An approachable virtual machine for, and in, java, ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim., Vol.9, No.4, pp.30:1-30:24 (2013). [7] Ertl, M.A.: A Portable Forth Engine, Proc. EuroFORTH '93 Conference (1993). [10] Gregg, D. and Ertl, M.A.: A Language and Tool for Generating Efficient Virtual Machine Interpreters, Proc. Domain-Specific Program Generation, pp.196-215 (2003). [11] Gregg, D., Ertl, M.A. and Krall, A.: Implementing an Efficient Java Interpreter, Proc. High-Performance Computing and Networking, 9th International Conference, HPCN Europe 2001, pp.613-620 (2001). [20] Tobin-Hochstadt, S. and Felleisen, M.: The design and implementation of typed scheme, Proc. 35th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL 2008), pp.395-406, ACM (2008). [14] Latendresse, M.: Automatic Generation of Compact Programs and Virtual Machines for Scheme, Proc. Workshop on Scheme and Functional Programming (2000) (online), available from <http://www.ai.sri.com/latendre/pli.pdf>. [5] Deutsch, L.P. and Schiffman, A.M.: Efficient Implementation of the Smalltalk-80 System, Proc. 11th Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL 1984), pp.297-302, ACM (1984). [3] Casey, K., Gregg, D. and Ertl, M.A.: Tiger - An Interpreter Generation Tool, Proc. Compiler Construction, 14th International Conference (CC 2005), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.3443, pp.246-249, Springer (2005). [4] Chambers, C., Ungar, D.M. and Lee, E.: An Efficient Implementation of SELF a Dynamically-Typed Object-Oriented Language Based on Prototypes, Proc. Conference on Object-Oriented Programming: Systems, Languages, and Applications (OOPSLA 1989), pp.49-70, ACM (1989). [13] Jensen, S.H., Møller, A. and Thiemann, P.: Type Analysis for JavaScript, Proc. Static Analysis, 16th International Symposium (SAS 2009), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.5673, pp.238-255, Springer (2009). 22 23 24 25 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 |
| References_xml | – reference: [16] Monat, R., Ouadjaout, A. and Miné, A.: Static Type Analysis by Abstract Interpretation of Python Programs, 34th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2020), LIPIcs, Vol.166, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, pp.17:1-17:29 (2020). – reference: [20] Tobin-Hochstadt, S. and Felleisen, M.: The design and implementation of typed scheme, Proc. 35th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL 2008), pp.395-406, ACM (2008). – reference: [8] Ertl, M.A., Gregg, D., Krall, A. and Paysan, B.: Vmgen: A generator of efficient virtual machine interpreters, Softw., Pract. Exper., Vol.32, No.3, pp.265-294 (2002). – reference: [12] Humer, C., Wimmer, C., Wirth, C., Wöß, A. and Würthinger, T.: A domain-specific language for building self-optimizing AST interpreters, Proc. 2014 International Conference on Generative Programming: Concepts and Experiences (GPCE 2014), pp.123-132, ACM (2014). – reference: [17] Onozawa, H., Iwasaki, H. and Ugawa, T.: Customizing JavaScript Virtual Machines for Specific Applications and Execution Environments (in Japanese), Computer Software, Vol.38, No.3, pp.23-40 (2021). – reference: [9] Graver, J.O. and Johnson, R.E.: A Type System for Smalltalk, Conference Record of 17th Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL 1990), pp.136-150, ACM (1990). – reference: [25] Würthinger, T., Wimmer, C., Wöß, A., Stadler, L., Duboscq, G., Humer, C., Richards, G., Simon, D. and Wolczko, M.: One VM to rule them all, Proc. ACM Symposium on New Ideas in Programming and Reflections on Software (Onward! 2013), pp.187-204, ACM (2013). – reference: [13] Jensen, S.H., Møller, A. and Thiemann, P.: Type Analysis for JavaScript, Proc. Static Analysis, 16th International Symposium (SAS 2009), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.5673, pp.238-255, Springer (2009). – reference: [4] Chambers, C., Ungar, D.M. and Lee, E.: An Efficient Implementation of SELF a Dynamically-Typed Object-Oriented Language Based on Prototypes, Proc. Conference on Object-Oriented Programming: Systems, Languages, and Applications (OOPSLA 1989), pp.49-70, ACM (1989). – reference: [7] Ertl, M.A.: A Portable Forth Engine, Proc. EuroFORTH '93 Conference (1993). – reference: [21] Ugawa, T., Iwasaki, H. and Kataoka, T.: eJSTK: Building JavaScript virtual machines with customized datatypes for embedded systems, J. Comput. Lang., Vol.51, pp.261-279 (2019). – reference: [2] Bell, J.R.: Threaded Code, Comm. ACM, Vol.16, No.6, pp.370-372 (1973). – reference: [14] Latendresse, M.: Automatic Generation of Compact Programs and Virtual Machines for Scheme, Proc. Workshop on Scheme and Functional Programming (2000) (online), available from <http://www.ai.sri.com/latendre/pli.pdf>. – reference: [6] ECMA International: Standard ECMA-262 - ECMAScript 2021 Language Specification (2021). – reference: [11] Gregg, D., Ertl, M.A. and Krall, A.: Implementing an Efficient Java Interpreter, Proc. High-Performance Computing and Networking, 9th International Conference, HPCN Europe 2001, pp.613-620 (2001). – reference: [10] Gregg, D. and Ertl, M.A.: A Language and Tool for Generating Efficient Virtual Machine Interpreters, Proc. Domain-Specific Program Generation, pp.196-215 (2003). – reference: [19] Shivers, O.: Control-Flow Analysis in Scheme, Proc. ACM SIGPLAN'88 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI 1988), pp.164-174, ACM (1988). – reference: [22] Wimmer, C., Haupt, M., de Vanter, M.L.V., Jordan, M.J., Daynès, L. and Simon, D.: Maxine: An approachable virtual machine for, and in, java, ACM Trans. Archit. Code Optim., Vol.9, No.4, pp.30:1-30:24 (2013). – reference: [18] Onozawa, H., Ugawa, T. and Iwasaki, H.: Fusuma: Double-ended threaded compaction, Proc. 2021 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Memory Management (ISMM 2021), pp.94-106, ACM (2021). – reference: [1] Alpern, B., Augart, S., Blackburn, S.M., Butrico, M.A., Cocchi, A., Cheng, P., Dolby, J., Fink, S.J., Grove, D., Hind, M., McKinley, K.S., Mergen, M.F., Moss, J.E.B., Ngo, T.A., Sarkar, V. and Trapp, M.: The Jikes Research Virtual Machine project: Building an open-source research community, IBM Syst. J., Vol.44, No.2, pp.399-418 (2005). – reference: [3] Casey, K., Gregg, D. and Ertl, M.A.: Tiger - An Interpreter Generation Tool, Proc. Compiler Construction, 14th International Conference (CC 2005), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.3443, pp.246-249, Springer (2005). – reference: [5] Deutsch, L.P. and Schiffman, A.M.: Efficient Implementation of the Smalltalk-80 System, Proc. 11th Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL 1984), pp.297-302, ACM (1984). – reference: [23] Wirfs-Brock, A. and Eich, B.: JavaScript: The first 20 years, Proc. ACM Program. Lang., Vol.4, No.HOPL, pp.77:1-77:189 (2020). – reference: [15] Marr, S., Daloze, B. and Mössenböck, H.: Cross-Language Compiler Benchmarking—Are We Fast Yet?, Proc. 12th Symposium on Dynamic Languages (DLS 2016), pp.120-131, ACM (2016). – reference: [24] Würthinger, T., Wimmer, C., Humer, C., Wöß, A., Stadler, L., Seaton, C., Duboscq, G., Simon, D. and Grimmer, M.: Practical partial evaluation for high-performance dynamic language runtimes, Proc. 38th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI 2017), pp.662-676, ACM (2017). – ident: 24 doi: 10.1145/3062341.3062381 – ident: 22 doi: 10.1145/2400682.2400689 – ident: 16 – ident: 11 doi: 10.1007/3-540-48228-8_70 – ident: 13 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-03237-0_17 – ident: 14 – ident: 25 doi: 10.1145/2509578.2509581 – ident: 5 doi: 10.1145/800017.800542 – ident: 9 doi: 10.1145/96709.96722 – ident: 12 doi: 10.1145/2658761.2658776 – ident: 7 – ident: 15 doi: 10.1145/2989225.2989232 – ident: 10 doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-25935-0_12 – ident: 17 – ident: 21 doi: 10.1016/j.cola.2019.01.003 – ident: 20 doi: 10.1145/1328897.1328486 – ident: 1 doi: 10.1147/sj.442.0399 – ident: 4 doi: 10.1145/74878.74884 – ident: 19 doi: 10.1145/53990.54007 – ident: 3 doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-31985-6_18 – ident: 8 doi: 10.1002/spe.434 – ident: 2 doi: 10.1145/362248.362270 – ident: 23 doi: 10.1145/3386327 – ident: 6 – ident: 18 doi: 10.1145/3459898.3463903 |
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| Title | Generating Virtual Machine Code of JavaScript Engine for Embedded Systems |
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