Adequate vitamin B 12 and folate status of Norwegian vegans and vegetarians
Plant-based diets may increase the risk of vitamin B deficiency due to limited intake of animal-source foods, while dietary folate increases when adhering to plant-based diets. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the B and folate status of Norwegian vegans and vegetarians using dietary B int...
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Published in | British journal of nutrition Vol. 129; no. 12; pp. 1 - 2083 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
England
28.06.2023
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Subjects | |
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Abstract | Plant-based diets may increase the risk of vitamin B
deficiency due to limited intake of animal-source foods, while dietary folate increases when adhering to plant-based diets. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the B
and folate status of Norwegian vegans and vegetarians using dietary B
intake, B
and folic acid supplement use, and biomarkers (serum B
(B
), plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) and serum folate). Vegans (
115) and vegetarians (
90) completed a 24-h dietary recall and a FFQ and provided a non-fasting blood sample. cB
, a combined indicator for evaluation of B
status, was calculated. B
status was adequate in both vegans and vegetarians according to the cB
indicator; however 4 % had elevated B
. Serum B
, tHcy, MMA concentrations and the cB
indicator (overall median: 357 pmol/l, 9·0 µmol/l, 0·18 µmol/l, 1·30 (cB
)) did not differ between vegans and vegetarians, unlike for folate (vegans: 25·8 nmol/l, vegetarians: 21·6 nmol/l,
= 0·027). Serum B
concentration < 221 pmol/l was found in 14 % of all participants. Vegetarians revealed the highest proportion of participants below the recommended daily intake of 2 µg/d including supplements (40
. 18 %,
< 0·001). Predictors of higher serum B
concentrations were average daily supplement use and older age. Folate deficiency (< 10 nmol/l) was uncommon overall (< 2·5 %). The combined indicator cB
suggested that none of the participants was B
-depleted; however, low serum B
concentration was found in 14 % of the participants. Folate concentrations were adequate, indicating adequate folate intake in Norwegian vegans and vegetarians. |
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AbstractList | Plant-based diets may increase the risk of vitamin B
deficiency due to limited intake of animal-source foods, while dietary folate increases when adhering to plant-based diets. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the B
and folate status of Norwegian vegans and vegetarians using dietary B
intake, B
and folic acid supplement use, and biomarkers (serum B
(B
), plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) and serum folate). Vegans (
115) and vegetarians (
90) completed a 24-h dietary recall and a FFQ and provided a non-fasting blood sample. cB
, a combined indicator for evaluation of B
status, was calculated. B
status was adequate in both vegans and vegetarians according to the cB
indicator; however 4 % had elevated B
. Serum B
, tHcy, MMA concentrations and the cB
indicator (overall median: 357 pmol/l, 9·0 µmol/l, 0·18 µmol/l, 1·30 (cB
)) did not differ between vegans and vegetarians, unlike for folate (vegans: 25·8 nmol/l, vegetarians: 21·6 nmol/l,
= 0·027). Serum B
concentration < 221 pmol/l was found in 14 % of all participants. Vegetarians revealed the highest proportion of participants below the recommended daily intake of 2 µg/d including supplements (40
. 18 %,
< 0·001). Predictors of higher serum B
concentrations were average daily supplement use and older age. Folate deficiency (< 10 nmol/l) was uncommon overall (< 2·5 %). The combined indicator cB
suggested that none of the participants was B
-depleted; however, low serum B
concentration was found in 14 % of the participants. Folate concentrations were adequate, indicating adequate folate intake in Norwegian vegans and vegetarians. Abstract Plant-based diets may increase the risk of vitamin B 12 deficiency due to limited intake of animal-source foods, while dietary folate increases when adhering to plant-based diets. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the B 12 and folate status of Norwegian vegans and vegetarians using dietary B 12 intake, B 12 and folic acid supplement use, and biomarkers (serum B 12 (B 12 ), plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) and serum folate). Vegans ( n 115) and vegetarians ( n 90) completed a 24-h dietary recall and a FFQ and provided a non-fasting blood sample. cB 12 , a combined indicator for evaluation of B 12 status, was calculated. B 12 status was adequate in both vegans and vegetarians according to the cB 12 indicator; however 4 % had elevated B 12 . Serum B 12 , tHcy, MMA concentrations and the cB 12 indicator (overall median: 357 pmol/l, 9·0 µmol/l, 0·18 µmol/l, 1·30 (cB 12 )) did not differ between vegans and vegetarians, unlike for folate (vegans: 25·8 nmol/l, vegetarians: 21·6 nmol/l, P = 0·027). Serum B 12 concentration < 221 pmol/l was found in 14 % of all participants. Vegetarians revealed the highest proportion of participants below the recommended daily intake of 2 µg/d including supplements (40 v . 18 %, P < 0·001). Predictors of higher serum B 12 concentrations were average daily supplement use and older age. Folate deficiency (< 10 nmol/l) was uncommon overall (< 2·5 %). The combined indicator cB 12 suggested that none of the participants was B 12 -depleted; however, low serum B 12 concentration was found in 14 % of the participants. Folate concentrations were adequate, indicating adequate folate intake in Norwegian vegans and vegetarians. |
Author | Lindsay, Allen Groufh-Jacobsen, Synne Israelsson, Anna Maria Hampel, Daniela Shahab-Ferdows, Setareh Raael, Ellen Henjum, Sigrun |
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Keywords | B12 dietary intake Methylmalonic acid Vegetarians Homocysteine Vitamin B12 Folate Vegans |
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References_xml | – ident: S0007114522002987_ref34 doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0103-3 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref7 doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1113996 – volume-title: Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients year: 2006 ident: S0007114522002987_ref21 contributor: fullname: Allen – volume-title: National Food for Adults 2010–11. Food and Nutritional Intake Among Adults in Sweden year: 2010 ident: S0007114522002987_ref14 – volume: 3 start-page: 55 year: 2016 ident: S0007114522002987_ref18 article-title: Flexitarian diets and health: a review of the evidence-based literature publication-title: Front Nutr contributor: fullname: Derbyshire – ident: S0007114522002987_ref26 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/78.1.7 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref6 doi: 10.1093/clinchem/46.8.1277 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref27 doi: 10.1007/s11239-009-0321-7 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref19 doi: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0818 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref10 doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.357 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref35 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.1.100 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref32 doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602897 – volume-title: Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences year: 1988 ident: S0007114522002987_ref24 contributor: fullname: Cohen – volume-title: Norwegian Food Composition Table year: 2019 ident: S0007114522002987_ref5 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref31 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/78.1.131 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref36 doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.142 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref2 doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref9 doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.40 – volume-title: Dyr er ikke bare mat. Om synet på dyrevelferd i Norge. (Animals are not only food: perceptions on animal welfare in Norway) year: 2002 ident: S0007114522002987_ref17 contributor: fullname: Berg – ident: S0007114522002987_ref25 doi: 10.1002/0471722146 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref12 doi: 10.1093/ajcn.81.2.434 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref30 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148235 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref4 doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy201 – volume-title: Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline year: 1998 ident: S0007114522002987_ref38 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref29 doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1079-7 – volume-title: Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. Integrating Nutrition and Physical Activity year: 2012 ident: S0007114522002987_ref23 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref20 doi: 10.3390/nu9070643 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref28 doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa008 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref1 doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N – volume: 13 start-page: 4150 year: 2015 ident: S0007114522002987_ref37 article-title: Scientific opinion on Dietary Reference Values for cobalamin (vitamin B12) publication-title: EFSA J – ident: S0007114522002987_ref33 doi: 10.1017/S0007114518000090 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref22 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref8 doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.015222 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref16 doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.026 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref13 doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa111 – volume-title: Norkost 3 a Nationwide Dietary Survey Among Men and Women in Norway aged 18–70 years, 2010–2011 year: 2010 ident: S0007114522002987_ref15 contributor: fullname: Totland – ident: S0007114522002987_ref11 doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1328-4 – ident: S0007114522002987_ref3 doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.044073 |
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deficiency due to limited intake of animal-source foods, while dietary folate increases when adhering to... Abstract Plant-based diets may increase the risk of vitamin B 12 deficiency due to limited intake of animal-source foods, while dietary folate increases when... |
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