Maximizing the Minimum and Maximum Forcing Numbers of Perfect Matchings of Graphs
Let G be a simple graph with 2 n vertices and a perfect matching. The forcing number f ( G, M ) of a perfect matching M of G is the smallest cardinality of a subset of M that is contained in no other perfect matching of G . Among all perfect matchings M of G , the minimum and maximum values of f ( G...
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Published in | Acta mathematica Sinica. English series Vol. 39; no. 7; pp. 1289 - 1304 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Berlin/Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
01.07.2023
Springer Nature B.V |
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Abstract | Let
G
be a simple graph with 2
n
vertices and a perfect matching. The forcing number
f
(
G, M
) of a perfect matching
M
of
G
is the smallest cardinality of a subset of
M
that is contained in no other perfect matching of
G
. Among all perfect matchings
M
of
G
, the minimum and maximum values of
f
(
G, M
) are called the minimum and maximum forcing numbers of
G
, denoted by
f
(
G
) and
F
(
G
), respectively. Then
f
(
G
) ≤
F
(
G
) ≤
n
− 1. Che and Chen (2011) proposed an open problem: how to characterize the graphs
G
with
f
(
G
) =
n
− 1. Later they showed that for a bipartite graph
G, f
(
G
)=
n
− 1 if and only if
G
is complete bipartite graph
K
n,n
. In this paper, we completely solve the problem of Che and Chen, and show that
f
(
G
)=
n
− 1 if and only if
G
is a complete multipartite graph or a graph obtained from complete bipartite graph
K
n,n
by adding arbitrary edges in one partite set. For all graphs
G
with
F
(
G
) =
n
− 1, we prove that the forcing spectrum of each such graph
G
forms an integer interval by matching 2-switches and the minimum forcing numbers of all such graphs
G
form an integer interval from
⌊
n
2
⌋
to
n
− 1. |
---|---|
AbstractList | Let
G
be a simple graph with 2
n
vertices and a perfect matching. The forcing number
f
(
G, M
) of a perfect matching
M
of
G
is the smallest cardinality of a subset of
M
that is contained in no other perfect matching of
G
. Among all perfect matchings
M
of
G
, the minimum and maximum values of
f
(
G, M
) are called the minimum and maximum forcing numbers of
G
, denoted by
f
(
G
) and
F
(
G
), respectively. Then
f
(
G
) ≤
F
(
G
) ≤
n
− 1. Che and Chen (2011) proposed an open problem: how to characterize the graphs
G
with
f
(
G
) =
n
− 1. Later they showed that for a bipartite graph
G, f
(
G
)=
n
− 1 if and only if
G
is complete bipartite graph
K
n,n
. In this paper, we completely solve the problem of Che and Chen, and show that
f
(
G
)=
n
− 1 if and only if
G
is a complete multipartite graph or a graph obtained from complete bipartite graph
K
n,n
by adding arbitrary edges in one partite set. For all graphs
G
with
F
(
G
) =
n
− 1, we prove that the forcing spectrum of each such graph
G
forms an integer interval by matching 2-switches and the minimum forcing numbers of all such graphs
G
form an integer interval from
⌊
n
2
⌋
to
n
− 1. Let G be a simple graph with 2n vertices and a perfect matching. The forcing number f(G, M) of a perfect matching M of G is the smallest cardinality of a subset of M that is contained in no other perfect matching of G. Among all perfect matchings M of G, the minimum and maximum values of f(G, M) are called the minimum and maximum forcing numbers of G, denoted by f(G) and F (G), respectively. Then f(G) ≤ F (G) ≤ n − 1. Che and Chen (2011) proposed an open problem: how to characterize the graphs G with f(G) = n − 1. Later they showed that for a bipartite graph G, f(G)= n − 1 if and only if G is complete bipartite graph Kn,n. In this paper, we completely solve the problem of Che and Chen, and show that f(G)= n − 1 if and only if G is a complete multipartite graph or a graph obtained from complete bipartite graph Kn,n by adding arbitrary edges in one partite set. For all graphs G with F (G) = n − 1, we prove that the forcing spectrum of each such graph G forms an integer interval by matching 2-switches and the minimum forcing numbers of all such graphs G form an integer interval from ⌊n2⌋ to n − 1. |
Author | Liu, Qian Qian Zhang, He Ping |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Qian Qian surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Qian Qian organization: School of Mathematics and Statistics, Lanzhou University – sequence: 2 givenname: He Ping surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, He Ping email: zhanghp@lzu.edu.cn organization: School of Mathematics and Statistics, Lanzhou University |
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Cites_doi | 10.1007/s00373-018-1908-6 10.1016/0012-365X(80)90037-0 10.1016/S0304-3975(02)00499-1 10.1007/s10255-021-1010-3 10.1016/j.dam.2016.07.002 10.1007/s10910-015-0541-3 10.1016/j.laa.2006.07.026 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.11.098 10.1016/S0012-365X(97)00266-5 10.1007/s10910-006-9208-4 10.1016/j.dam.2009.10.013 10.1016/j.dam.2017.07.009 10.1021/ci00018a011 10.1007/BF01192587 10.1016/j.disc.2005.11.001 10.1002/jcc.540080432 10.1016/j.disc.2002.10.002 10.1016/S0012-365X(01)00228-X 10.1016/j.dam.2016.01.033 10.1016/j.dam.2011.05.006 10.1016/j.dam.2021.02.001 10.1016/0012-365X(93)E0184-6 10.1016/S0166-218X(00)00204-3 10.1016/j.disc.2018.12.011 |
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Sinica (English Ser.) doi: 10.1007/s10255-021-1010-3 contributor: fullname: H Zhang |
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Snippet | Let
G
be a simple graph with 2
n
vertices and a perfect matching. The forcing number
f
(
G, M
) of a perfect matching
M
of
G
is the smallest cardinality of a... Let G be a simple graph with 2n vertices and a perfect matching. The forcing number f(G, M) of a perfect matching M of G is the smallest cardinality of a... |
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SubjectTerms | Apexes Graph theory Graphs Integers Matching Mathematics Mathematics and Statistics Switches |
Title | Maximizing the Minimum and Maximum Forcing Numbers of Perfect Matchings of Graphs |
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