Toward Computational Model of Emotion from Individual Difference in Perceiving Facial Expressions
We propose a computational model for identifying emotional state of a facial expression from appraisal scores given by human observers utilizing their differences in perception. The appraisal model of human emotion is adopted as the basis of this evaluation process with appraisal variables as output...
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| Published in | Psychological studies Vol. 63; no. 3; pp. 266 - 275 |
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| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New Delhi
Springer India
01.09.2018
Springer Nature B.V |
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| Abstract | We propose a computational model for identifying emotional state of a facial expression from appraisal scores given by human observers utilizing their differences in perception. The appraisal model of human emotion is adopted as the basis of this evaluation process with appraisal variables as output. We investigated the performance for both categorical and continuous representation of the variables appraised by human observers. Analysis of the data exhibits higher degree of agreement between estimated Indian ratings and the available reference when these are rated through continuous domain. We also observed that emotional state with negative valence are influential in the perception of hybrid emotional state like ‘Surprise’, only when appraisal variables are labeled through categories of emotions. Thus, the proposed method has implications in developing software to detect emotion using appraisal variables in continuous domain, perceived from facial expression of an agent (or human subject). Further, this model can be customized to include cultural variability in recognizing emotions. |
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| AbstractList | We propose a computational model for identifying emotional state of a facial expression from appraisal scores given by human observers utilizing their differences in perception. The appraisal model of human emotion is adopted as the basis of this evaluation process with appraisal variables as output. We investigated the performance for both categorical and continuous representation of the variables appraised by human observers. Analysis of the data exhibits higher degree of agreement between estimated Indian ratings and the available reference when these are rated through continuous domain. We also observed that emotional state with negative valence are influential in the perception of hybrid emotional state like ‘Surprise’, only when appraisal variables are labeled through categories of emotions. Thus, the proposed method has implications in developing software to detect emotion using appraisal variables in continuous domain, perceived from facial expression of an agent (or human subject). Further, this model can be customized to include cultural variability in recognizing emotions. |
| Author | Gupta, Shakuntala Biswal, Ramakrishna Gupta, Supratim |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Shakuntala orcidid: 0000-0003-4928-5505 surname: Gupta fullname: Gupta, Shakuntala email: shakuntala.naik@gmail.com organization: Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, NIT – sequence: 2 givenname: Ramakrishna surname: Biswal fullname: Biswal, Ramakrishna organization: Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, NIT – sequence: 3 givenname: Supratim surname: Gupta fullname: Gupta, Supratim organization: Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT |
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| Cites_doi | 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00118 10.1111/1467-8721.01252 10.1073/pnas.1200155109 10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.131 10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.203 10.2466/pr0.1989.65.1.223 10.1037/0096-3445.116.3.223 10.1037/a0017766 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01701.x 10.1073/pnas.0908239106 10.1002/9781118575574 10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102 10.1177/001316446002000104 10.1177/1754073912463617 10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.06.007 10.1037/a0026007 10.1037/h0026256 10.1177/0963721411422522 10.1145/2631912 10.1109/AFGR.1998.670949 10.1002/wcs.147 10.1037/a0019005 10.1017/CBO9780511571299 10.1371/journal.pone.0003022 10.1037//0033-2909.118.3.379 10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00013-X 10.1177/1754073911410740 10.3758/BF03193512 10.1093/oso/9780198523963.001.0001 10.1109/79.911197 |
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| Keywords | Appraisal variable Facial expressions Computational model Kernel density estimation Emotion perception |
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| References | GendronMLindquistKABarsalouLBarrettLFEmotion words shape emotion perceptsEmotion201212231432510.1037/a0026007223097174445832 RussellJ AIs there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studiesPsychological Bulletin1994115110214110.1037/0033-2909.115.1.1028202574 Tian, Y., Kanade, T., & Cohn, J. F. (2011). Facial expression recognition. In S. Z. Li & A. K. Jain (Eds.), Handbook of face recognition (pp. 487–519). Springer: London. MartinezADuSA model of the perception of facial expressions of emotion by humans: Research overview and perspectivesMachine Learning Research201213115891608 ElfenbeinHAAmbadyNUniversals and cultural differences in recognizing emotionsCurrent Directions in Psychological Science200312515916410.1111/1467-8721.01252 OrtonyACloreGLCollinsAThe cognitive structure of emotions1988CambridgeCambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9780511571299 KvalsethTONote on cohen’s kappaPsychological Reports198965122322610.2466/pr0.1989.65.1.223 BroekensJDeGrootDKostersWAFormal models of appraisal: Theory, specification, and computational modelCognitive Systems Research20089317319710.1016/j.cogsys.2007.06.007 SauterDAEisnerFEkmanPScottSKCross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizationsPNAS201010762408241210.1073/pnas.090823910620133790 RobersonDDavidoffJBraisbyNSimilarity and categorisation: Neuropsychological evidence for a dissociation in explicit categorisation tasksCognition199971114210.1016/S0010-0277(99)00013-X10394708 EkmanPCordaroDWhat is meant by calling emotions basicEmotion Review20113436437010.1177/1754073911410740 Whissell, C . M. (1989). The dictionary of affect in language. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (pp. 112–131). New York: Academic Press. ElfenbeinHABeaupréMGLévesqueMHessUToward a dialect theory: Cultural differences in the expression and recognition of posed facial expressionsEmotion20077113114610.1037/1528-3542.7.1.13117352569 ElfenbeinH AEisenkraftNThe relation between displaying and perceiving nonverbal cues of affect: A meta-analysis to solve an old mystery.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology201098230131810.1037/a001776620085402 DaileyMNLyonsMJIshiHJoyceCGyobaJCottrellGWEvidence and a computational explanation of cultural differences in facial expression recognitionEmotion, American Psychological Association2010106874893 WoolfolkAEducational psychology20069New YorkPearson Education Lucey, P., Cohn, J. F., Kanade, T., Saragih, J., Ambadar, Z., & Matthews, I. (2010). The extended Cohn–Kanade dataset (ck+): A complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition-Workshops, (pp. 94–101). San Francisco, CA: IEEE. LinJSpraragenMZydaMComputational models of emotion and cognitionAdvances in Cognitive Systems2012215976 BarrettLFMesquitaBGendronMContext in emotion perceptionCurrent Directions in Psychological Science201120528629010.1177/0963721411422522 ZadraJRCloreGLEmotion and perception: The role of affective informationWIREs Cognitive Science20112667668510.1002/wcs.14722039565 Baldassarri, S., & Cerezo, E. (2012). Maxine: Embodied conversational agents for multimodal emotional communication. In N. Mukai (Ed.), Computer Graphics (pp. 195–212). Croatia: Intech. RobersonDDamjanovicLPillingMCategorical perception of facial expressions: Evidence for a “category adjustment” modelMemory & Cognition20073571814182910.3758/BF03193512 Lyons, M., Akamatsu, S., Kamachi, M., & Gyoba, J. (1998). Coding facial expressions with gabor wavelets. In Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. IEEE, pp. 1–6. WatsonDGBlagroveETagging multiple emotional stimuli: Negative valence has little benefitJournal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance201238378580322201468 WidenSCRussellJADifferentiation in preschooler’s categories of emotionEmotion201010565166110.1037/a001900521038948 BarrettLFConstructing emotionPsychological Topics2011203359380 ScottDWMultivariate density estimation20152Hoboken, NJWiley Wehrle, T., & Scherer, K. R. (2001). Towards computational modeling of appraisal theories. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotions: Theory, methods, research (pp. 350–365). New York: Oxford University Press. Silverman, B. W. (1998). Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Chapman & Hall/CRC Monographs on Statistics & Applied Probability. Chapman and Hall/CRC. CowieRDouglas-CowieETsapatsoulisNVotsisGKolliasSFellenzWTaylorJGEmotion recognition in human–computer interactionIEEE Signal Processing Magazine2001181328010.1109/79.911197 Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotions. In Cole, J. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 207–282). Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press. ElfenbeinHAAmbadyNOn the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysisPsychological Bulletin2002128220323510.1037/0033-2909.128.2.20311931516 BowmanAWAzzaliniAApplied smoothing techniques for data analysis1997OxfordClarendon Press Engelmann, J. B., & Pogosyan, M. (2013). Emotion perception across culture: The role of cognitive mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00118. Mesquita, B., Vissers, N., & De Leersnyder, J. (2015). Culture and amotion. In J. Wright & J. Berry (Eds.), International encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences (pp. 542–549). New York: Elsevier. JackREGarrodOGBYuHCaldaraRSchynsPGFacial expressions of emotion are not culturally universalPNAS USA2012109197241724410.1073/pnas.120015510922509011 MarsellaSGratchJComputationally modeling human emotionCommunications of the ACM20145712566710.1145/2631912 PhelpsEALingSCarrascoMEmotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefit of attentionPsychological Sciences200617429229910.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01701.x Russell, J. A. (1995). Facial expressions of emotion: What lies beyond minimal universality? Psychological Bulletin, 118(3), 379–391. RussellJAFehrBRelativity in the perception of emotion in facial expressionsJournal of Experimental Psychology: General1987116322323710.1037/0096-3445.116.3.223 YanXAndrewsTJYoungAWCultural similarities and differences in perceiving and recognizing facial expressions of basic emotionsJournal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance201642342344026480247 CohenJWeighted kappa: Nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement or partial creditPsychological Bulletin196870421322010.1037/h002625619673146 BlaisCJackREScheepersCFisetDCaldaraRCulture shapes how we look at facesPLoS ONE2008381810.1371/journal.pone.0003022 CohenJA coefficient of agreement for nominal scalesEducational and Psychological Measurement1960201374610.1177/001316446002000104 EllsworthPCAppraisal theory: Old and new questionsEmotion Review20135212513110.1177/1754073912463617 RobinsonDLBrain function, mental experience and personalityThe Netherlands Journal of Psychology2009641152167 MN Dailey (459_CR10) 2010; 10 TO Kvalseth (459_CR21) 1989; 65 PC Ellsworth (459_CR17) 2013; 5 S Marsella (459_CR25) 2014; 57 D Roberson (459_CR30) 2007; 35 DL Robinson (459_CR32) 2009; 64 A Woolfolk (459_CR44) 2006 HA Elfenbein (459_CR15) 2007; 7 J A Russell (459_CR33) 1994; 115 DW Scott (459_CR37) 2015 A Martinez (459_CR26) 2012; 13 459_CR11 J Lin (459_CR22) 2012; 2 459_CR34 JR Zadra (459_CR46) 2011; 2 HA Elfenbein (459_CR13) 2002; 128 LF Barrett (459_CR2) 2011; 20 A Ortony (459_CR28) 1988 HA Elfenbein (459_CR14) 2003; 12 459_CR39 459_CR18 459_CR38 AW Bowman (459_CR5) 1997 X Yan (459_CR45) 2016; 42 P Ekman (459_CR12) 2011; 3 D Roberson (459_CR31) 1999; 71 JA Russell (459_CR35) 1987; 116 J Cohen (459_CR8) 1968; 70 R Cowie (459_CR9) 2001; 18 J Broekens (459_CR6) 2008; 9 RE Jack (459_CR20) 2012; 109 LF Barrett (459_CR3) 2011; 20 J Cohen (459_CR7) 1960; 20 459_CR23 459_CR42 DA Sauter (459_CR36) 2010; 107 M Gendron (459_CR19) 2012; 12 459_CR41 DG Watson (459_CR40) 2012; 38 C Blais (459_CR4) 2008; 3 SC Widen (459_CR43) 2010; 10 H A Elfenbein (459_CR16) 2010; 98 459_CR27 EA Phelps (459_CR29) 2006; 17 459_CR24 459_CR1 |
| References_xml | – reference: JackREGarrodOGBYuHCaldaraRSchynsPGFacial expressions of emotion are not culturally universalPNAS USA2012109197241724410.1073/pnas.120015510922509011 – reference: Mesquita, B., Vissers, N., & De Leersnyder, J. (2015). Culture and amotion. In J. Wright & J. Berry (Eds.), International encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences (pp. 542–549). New York: Elsevier. – reference: MartinezADuSA model of the perception of facial expressions of emotion by humans: Research overview and perspectivesMachine Learning Research201213115891608 – reference: RobersonDDavidoffJBraisbyNSimilarity and categorisation: Neuropsychological evidence for a dissociation in explicit categorisation tasksCognition199971114210.1016/S0010-0277(99)00013-X10394708 – reference: Whissell, C . M. (1989). The dictionary of affect in language. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (pp. 112–131). New York: Academic Press. – reference: KvalsethTONote on cohen’s kappaPsychological Reports198965122322610.2466/pr0.1989.65.1.223 – reference: RussellJAFehrBRelativity in the perception of emotion in facial expressionsJournal of Experimental Psychology: General1987116322323710.1037/0096-3445.116.3.223 – reference: RobinsonDLBrain function, mental experience and personalityThe Netherlands Journal of Psychology2009641152167 – reference: ElfenbeinH AEisenkraftNThe relation between displaying and perceiving nonverbal cues of affect: A meta-analysis to solve an old mystery.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology201098230131810.1037/a001776620085402 – reference: WidenSCRussellJADifferentiation in preschooler’s categories of emotionEmotion201010565166110.1037/a001900521038948 – reference: ElfenbeinHABeaupréMGLévesqueMHessUToward a dialect theory: Cultural differences in the expression and recognition of posed facial expressionsEmotion20077113114610.1037/1528-3542.7.1.13117352569 – reference: ElfenbeinHAAmbadyNUniversals and cultural differences in recognizing emotionsCurrent Directions in Psychological Science200312515916410.1111/1467-8721.01252 – reference: Baldassarri, S., & Cerezo, E. (2012). Maxine: Embodied conversational agents for multimodal emotional communication. In N. Mukai (Ed.), Computer Graphics (pp. 195–212). Croatia: Intech. – reference: ElfenbeinHAAmbadyNOn the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysisPsychological Bulletin2002128220323510.1037/0033-2909.128.2.20311931516 – reference: Russell, J. A. (1995). Facial expressions of emotion: What lies beyond minimal universality? Psychological Bulletin, 118(3), 379–391. – reference: LinJSpraragenMZydaMComputational models of emotion and cognitionAdvances in Cognitive Systems2012215976 – reference: CohenJA coefficient of agreement for nominal scalesEducational and Psychological Measurement1960201374610.1177/001316446002000104 – reference: SauterDAEisnerFEkmanPScottSKCross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizationsPNAS201010762408241210.1073/pnas.090823910620133790 – reference: BroekensJDeGrootDKostersWAFormal models of appraisal: Theory, specification, and computational modelCognitive Systems Research20089317319710.1016/j.cogsys.2007.06.007 – reference: Lyons, M., Akamatsu, S., Kamachi, M., & Gyoba, J. (1998). Coding facial expressions with gabor wavelets. In Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. IEEE, pp. 1–6. – reference: MarsellaSGratchJComputationally modeling human emotionCommunications of the ACM20145712566710.1145/2631912 – reference: ZadraJRCloreGLEmotion and perception: The role of affective informationWIREs Cognitive Science20112667668510.1002/wcs.14722039565 – reference: BlaisCJackREScheepersCFisetDCaldaraRCulture shapes how we look at facesPLoS ONE2008381810.1371/journal.pone.0003022 – reference: BarrettLFMesquitaBGendronMContext in emotion perceptionCurrent Directions in Psychological Science201120528629010.1177/0963721411422522 – reference: EllsworthPCAppraisal theory: Old and new questionsEmotion Review20135212513110.1177/1754073912463617 – reference: BowmanAWAzzaliniAApplied smoothing techniques for data analysis1997OxfordClarendon Press – reference: OrtonyACloreGLCollinsAThe cognitive structure of emotions1988CambridgeCambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9780511571299 – reference: RobersonDDamjanovicLPillingMCategorical perception of facial expressions: Evidence for a “category adjustment” modelMemory & Cognition20073571814182910.3758/BF03193512 – reference: EkmanPCordaroDWhat is meant by calling emotions basicEmotion Review20113436437010.1177/1754073911410740 – reference: CowieRDouglas-CowieETsapatsoulisNVotsisGKolliasSFellenzWTaylorJGEmotion recognition in human–computer interactionIEEE Signal Processing Magazine2001181328010.1109/79.911197 – reference: PhelpsEALingSCarrascoMEmotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefit of attentionPsychological Sciences200617429229910.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01701.x – reference: GendronMLindquistKABarsalouLBarrettLFEmotion words shape emotion perceptsEmotion201212231432510.1037/a0026007223097174445832 – reference: ScottDWMultivariate density estimation20152Hoboken, NJWiley – reference: YanXAndrewsTJYoungAWCultural similarities and differences in perceiving and recognizing facial expressions of basic emotionsJournal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance201642342344026480247 – reference: Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotions. In Cole, J. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 207–282). Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press. – reference: WatsonDGBlagroveETagging multiple emotional stimuli: Negative valence has little benefitJournal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance201238378580322201468 – reference: Engelmann, J. B., & Pogosyan, M. (2013). Emotion perception across culture: The role of cognitive mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00118. – reference: BarrettLFConstructing emotionPsychological Topics2011203359380 – reference: Lucey, P., Cohn, J. F., Kanade, T., Saragih, J., Ambadar, Z., & Matthews, I. (2010). The extended Cohn–Kanade dataset (ck+): A complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition-Workshops, (pp. 94–101). 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| SubjectTerms | Behavioral Science and Psychology Culture Decision making Emotions General Psychology Human subjects Perceptions Personality and Social Psychology Psychology Research in Progress Variables |
| Title | Toward Computational Model of Emotion from Individual Difference in Perceiving Facial Expressions |
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