Vertical Integration in the Food Industry and Contract Farming The Case of Turkey
The relationship between farmers and the food industry ranges from carrying out spot market transactions to complete integration, characterized as vertical integration. In this study, the relationship between farmers and the food industry has been investigated focusing on contract farming. The Turki...
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Published in | Outlook on agriculture Vol. 33; no. 2; pp. 85 - 91 |
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Language | English |
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Abstract | The relationship between farmers and the food industry ranges from carrying out spot market transactions to complete integration, characterized as vertical integration. In this study, the relationship between farmers and the food industry has been investigated focusing on contract farming. The Turkish food industry is a promising sector, but still has a dual structure with some small-scale manufacturing alongside larger plants employing modern technologies. The two main cooperative associations of Turkey, Trakyabirlik and Marmarabirlik, have considerable interests, especially in sunflower, olive and vegetable oil processing. Balikesir, Bilecik, Bursa and Canakkale provinces, the regions where the present investigations were conducted, have well developed vegetable, fruit, hop and sugar beet processing, tomato paste and frozen food industries. In the dairy, olive and vegetable oil industries, most firms have relied upon open market purchase to provide raw materials, whereas one of the widespread means of vertical coordination in this sector is contract farming. The share of contract farming, especially in tomato and pea growing, may be anywhere between 1 and 100%, with an average of 75%. Sixty per cent is more typical for hop production. Sugar beet growing can only realistically be accomplished via contract farming. Contract farming is potentially beneficial, especially for small farmers, providing various services, credit facilities, etc, although there are some inherent problems in implementation. Farmers could, however, solve many of the problems involved in contract arrangements by establishing organizations to undertake cooperative bargaining on their behalf. |
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AbstractList | The relationship between farmers and the food industry ranges from carrying out spot market transactions to complete integration, characterized as vertical integration. In this study, the relationship between farmers and the food industry has been investigated focusing on contract farming. The Turkish food industry is a promising sector, but still has a dual structure with some small-scale manufacturing alongside larger plants employing modern technologies. The two main cooperative associations of Turkey, Trakyabirlik and Marmarabirlik, have considerable interests, especially in sunflower, olive and vegetable oil processing. Balikesir, Bilecik, Bursa and Canakkale provinces, the regions where the present investigations were conducted, have well developed vegetable, fruit, hop and sugar beet processing, tomato paste and frozen food industries. In the dairy, olive and vegetable oil industries, most firms have relied upon open market purchase to provide raw materials, whereas one of the widespread means of vertical coordination in this sector is contract farming. The share of contract farming, especially in tomato and pea growing, may be anywhere between 1 and 100%, with an average of 75%. Sixty per cent is more typical for hop production. Sugar beet growing can only realistically be accomplished via contract farming. Contract farming is potentially beneficial, especially for small farmers, providing various services, credit facilities, etc, although there are some inherent problems in implementation. Farmers could, however, solve many of the problems involved in contract arrangements by establishing organizations to undertake cooperative bargaining on their behalf. The relationship between farmers and the food industry ranges from carrying out spot market transactions to complete integration, characterized as vertical integration. In this study, the relationship between farmers and the food industry has been investigated focusing on contract farming. The Turkish food industry is a promising sector, but still has a dual structure with some small-scale manufacturing alongside larger plants employing modern technologies. The two main cooperative associations of Turkey, Trakyabirlik and Marmarabirlik, have considerable interests, especially in sunflower, olive and vegetable oil processing. Balikesir, Bilecik, Bursa and Canakkale provinces, the regions where the present investigations were conducted, have well developed vegetable, fruit, hop and sugar beet processing, tomato paste and frozen food industries. In the dairy, olive and vegetable oil industries, most firms have relied upon open market purchase to provide raw materials, whereas one of the widespread means of vertical coordination in this sector is contract farming. The share of contract farming, especially in tomato and pea growing, may be anywhere between 1 and 100%, with an average of 75%. Sixty per cent is more typical for hop production. Sugar beet growing can only realistically be accomplished via contract farming. Contract farming is potentially beneficial, especially for small farmers, providing various services, credit facilities, etc, although there are some inherent problems in implementation. Farmers could, however, solve many of the problems involved in contract arrangements by establishing organizations to undertake cooperative bargaining on their behalf. Reprinted by permission of IP Publishing Ltd |
Author | Rehber, Erkan |
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Cites_doi | 10.1596/0-8213-2345-8 10.1016/0305-750X(87)90112-4 10.3382/ps.0751351 10.1111/j.1477-9552.1972.tb01433.x 10.2307/1243192 |
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References | Frank, Henderson 1992; Vol 74 Akgul, Rehber 1993; Vol 9 Allen 1972; Vol 23 Koening 1995; Vol 62 Pankobirlik 1994; Vol 29 Rehber 1993; Vol 23 Rehber 1996; Vol 309 Scheid 1991; Vol 63 Vukina, Poster 1996; Vol 75 Glover 1987; Vol 15 Rehber 1995 Kelley 1994; Vol 66 Grosskopf 1994 ICC (bibr17-000000004773973064) 1998 UN Industrial Development Organization (bibr40-000000004773973064) 1981 bibr14-000000004773973064 Uygur E. (bibr41-000000004773973064) 1995 bibr42-000000004773973064 Buccola S. T. (bibr6-000000004773973064) 1980 bibr12-000000004773973064 bibr10-000000004773973064 Grosskopf W. (bibr15-000000004773973064) 1994 bibr38-000000004773973064 Rehber E. (bibr33-000000004773973064) 1998 Ghee T. (bibr13-000000004773973064) 1992 Koening J. R. (bibr19-000000004773973064) 1995; 62 Rehber E. (bibr32-000000004773973064) 1996; 309 Cramer G. L. (bibr8-000000004773973064) 1988 Rehber E. (bibr31-000000004773973064) 1995 Pankobirlik (bibr28-000000004773973064) 1994; 29 Ling C. K. (bibr20-000000004773973064) 1995 Mülayim Z. G. (bibr25-000000004773973064) 1995 Scheid J. (bibr36-000000004773973064) 1991; 63 Cetin B. (bibr7-000000004773973064) 1996 Aslan A. N. (bibr3-000000004773973064) 1995 Minnot N. V. (bibr23-000000004773973064) 1993 bibr27-000000004773973064 Rehber E. (bibr30-000000004773973064) 1993; 23 Marcus G. D. (bibr22-000000004773973064) 1994 Akgul C. (bibr1-000000004773973064) 1993; 9 Kelley C. R. (bibr18-000000004773973064) 1994; 66 bibr24-000000004773973064 Dayanikli G. (bibr9-000000004773973064) 1995 Hershlag Z. Y. (bibr16-000000004773973064) 1958 Roy E. P. (bibr35-000000004773973064) 1963 Erkan O. (bibr11-000000004773973064) 1993 UN (bibr39-000000004773973064) 1969 Barker J. (bibr4-000000004773973064) 1972 Rehber E. (bibr34-000000004773973064) 2000 MARA (bibr21-000000004773973064) 1993 Rehber E. (bibr29-000000004773973064) 1989 bibr5-000000004773973064 SPO (bibr37-000000004773973064) 1995 bibr2-000000004773973064 Mülayim Z. G. (bibr26-000000004773973064) 1997 |
References_xml | – volume: Vol 23 start-page: 21 year: 1993 end-page: 26 article-title: ‘Organization and cooperatives in agriculture’ [Tarimda Orgutlenme ve Kooperatifcilik] publication-title: The Journal of Cooperative World [Kooperatif Dunyas1] contributor: fullname: Rehber – volume: Vol 29 start-page: 7 year: 1994 article-title: ‘Interview with the General Director of Pankobirlik’ publication-title: The Journal of Union of Sugar-Beet Producers [Pankobirlik Dergisi] contributor: fullname: Pankobirlik – volume: Vol 62 start-page: 3 issue: No 5 year: 1995 end-page: 7 article-title: ‘Contracting for quality: Cooperative contracting system helps improve crop quality’ publication-title: Farmer Cooperatives contributor: fullname: Koening – volume: Vol 74 start-page: 941 year: 1992 end-page: 950 article-title: ‘Transaction costs as determinants of vertical coordination in the US food industries’ publication-title: American Journal of Agricultural Economics contributor: fullname: Henderson – start-page: 39 issue: No 88 year: 1994 end-page: 46 article-title: ‘Einkommenssteigerung Durch Kooperatives Marketing Und Vertrags-landwirtschaft’ publication-title: Archiv-DLG contributor: fullname: Grosskopf – volume: Vol 75 start-page: 1351 issue: No 11 year: 1996 end-page: 1358 article-title: ‘Efficiency gains in broiler production through contract parameter fine tuning’ publication-title: Poultry Science contributor: fullname: Poster – volume: Vol 309 start-page: 17 year: 1996 end-page: 22 article-title: ‘Bargaining cooperatives in agriculture’ [Tarimda Pazarlik Kooperatifleri] publication-title: The Journal of Cooperative World [Kooperatif Dunyasi] contributor: fullname: Rehber – volume: Vol 63 start-page: 1 issue: No 28 year: 1991 end-page: 20 article-title: ‘Interest in collective bargaining increasing for poultry growers’ publication-title: Feedstuffs contributor: fullname: Scheid – volume: Vol 15 start-page: 441 issue: No 4 year: 1987 end-page: 446 article-title: ‘Increasing the benefits to small-holders from contract farming: Problems for farmers' organizations and policy makers’ publication-title: World Development contributor: fullname: Glover – volume: Vol 23 start-page: 89 issue: No 2 year: 1972 end-page: 98 article-title: ‘An appraisal of contract farming’ publication-title: Journal of Agricultural Economics contributor: fullname: Allen – volume: Vol 66 start-page: 19 issue: No 23 year: 1994 end-page: 21 article-title: ‘All sides should know pitfalls of agricultural contracting’ publication-title: Feedstuffs contributor: fullname: Kelley – volume: Vol 9 start-page: 183 year: 1993 end-page: 192 article-title: ‘The economic structure and related problems of tomato paste industry in Bursa province’ [Bursa Ilinde Domates Salcasi Uretiminin Ekonomik Yapi ve Sorunlari] publication-title: U.U. 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V. – volume: 63 start-page: 1 issue: 28 year: 1991 ident: bibr36-000000004773973064 publication-title: Feedstuffs contributor: fullname: Scheid J. – start-page: 39 issue: 88 year: 1994 ident: bibr15-000000004773973064 publication-title: Archiv-DLG contributor: fullname: Grosskopf W. – volume: 66 start-page: 19 issue: 23 year: 1994 ident: bibr18-000000004773973064 publication-title: Feedstuffs contributor: fullname: Kelley C. R. – volume-title: Monthly Economic Figures [Aylik Ekonomik Gostergeler] year: 1998 ident: bibr17-000000004773973064 contributor: fullname: ICC – volume-title: The General Census of Turkish Food Industry [Gida Sanayi Envanteri], 1993 year: 1993 ident: bibr21-000000004773973064 contributor: fullname: MARA – volume-title: An Investigation on the Hop Production – Marketing Structures and Related Problems in Turkey [Turkiye'de Serbetciotunun Uretim ve Pazar Yapisi Ve Sorunlari Uzerine Bir Arastirma] year: 1989 ident: bibr29-000000004773973064 contributor: fullname: Rehber E. – ident: bibr2-000000004773973064 doi: 10.1111/j.1477-9552.1972.tb01433.x – volume-title: ‘The economic structure and related problems of frozen food industry in Bursa province’ [Bursa Ilinde Dondurulmus Gida Sanayiinin Ekonomik Yapi ve Sorunlari] year: 1995 ident: bibr3-000000004773973064 contributor: fullname: Aslan A. N. – ident: bibr10-000000004773973064 – volume-title: Market Contracting for Producers and Processors of Fruits and Vegetables year: 1980 ident: bibr6-000000004773973064 contributor: fullname: Buccola S. T. – volume-title: Contract Farming year: 1963 ident: bibr35-000000004773973064 contributor: fullname: Roy E. P. – ident: bibr12-000000004773973064 doi: 10.2307/1243192 – start-page: 52 issue: 49 year: 1995 ident: bibr31-000000004773973064 publication-title: The Journal of Agricultural Engineering [Ziraat Muhendisligi], (TMMOB) contributor: fullname: Rehber E. – volume-title: Financial Liberalization in Turkey year: 1995 ident: bibr41-000000004773973064 contributor: fullname: Uygur E. – start-page: 71 volume-title: Contract Farming In Southeast Asia year: 1992 ident: bibr13-000000004773973064 contributor: fullname: Ghee T. – ident: bibr27-000000004773973064 |
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SubjectTerms | Agriculture Contracts Farmers Farming Food industry Policy studies Turkey |
Subtitle | The Case of Turkey |
Title | Vertical Integration in the Food Industry and Contract Farming |
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