Failure analysis of spar buoy floating offshore wind turbine systems
Floating offshore wind energy is a new form of marine renewable energy which is attracting a great deal of attention worldwide. However, the concepts of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are still in early stages of development and their failure properties are not yet fully understood. Compare...
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| Published in | Innovative infrastructure solutions : the official journal of the Soil-Structure Interaction Group in Egypt (SSIGE) Vol. 8; no. 1 |
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| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Cham
Springer International Publishing
01.01.2023
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Floating offshore wind energy is a new form of marine renewable energy which is attracting a great deal of attention worldwide. However, the concepts of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are still in early stages of development and their failure properties are not yet fully understood. Compared to bottom-fixed wind turbines, FOWTs are subject to more extreme environmental conditions and significant mechanical stresses which may cause a higher degradation rate and shorter mean-time-to-failure for components/structures. To fill the research gap, this paper aims to conduct qualitative and quantitative failure studies on an OC3 spar-type FOWT platform with 3 catenary mooring lines. The failure analyses are performed based on two well-established reliability engineering methodologies, namely, fault tree analysis (FTA) and failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). The most critical FOWT components are prioritized according to their failure likelihood as well as the risk-priority-number. Our results show a good agreement between the two methods with regard to failure criticality rankings. However, some differences between the results are also observed that are attributed to the difference between FTA and FMEA methodologies as the former incorporates the causes of various failure modes into analysis, whereas the latter is mainly adopted for a single random failure analysis. The results obtained from the FMEA study for the FOWT system will also be compared with those reported for bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines and some interesting conclusions are derived. |
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| AbstractList | Floating offshore wind energy is a new form of marine renewable energy which is attracting a great deal of attention worldwide. However, the concepts of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are still in early stages of development and their failure properties are not yet fully understood. Compared to bottom-fixed wind turbines, FOWTs are subject to more extreme environmental conditions and significant mechanical stresses which may cause a higher degradation rate and shorter mean-time-to-failure for components/structures. To fill the research gap, this paper aims to conduct qualitative and quantitative failure studies on an OC3 spar-type FOWT platform with 3 catenary mooring lines. The failure analyses are performed based on two well-established reliability engineering methodologies, namely, fault tree analysis (FTA) and failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). The most critical FOWT components are prioritized according to their failure likelihood as well as the risk-priority-number. Our results show a good agreement between the two methods with regard to failure criticality rankings. However, some differences between the results are also observed that are attributed to the difference between FTA and FMEA methodologies as the former incorporates the causes of various failure modes into analysis, whereas the latter is mainly adopted for a single random failure analysis. The results obtained from the FMEA study for the FOWT system will also be compared with those reported for bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines and some interesting conclusions are derived. |
| ArticleNumber | 28 |
| Author | Shafiee, Mahmood |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Mahmood orcidid: 0000-0002-6122-5719 surname: Shafiee fullname: Shafiee, Mahmood email: m.shafiee@kent.ac.uk organization: Mechanical Engineering Group, School of Engineering, University of Kent |
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| Keywords | Materials and structures Floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) Fault tree analysis (FTA) Mooring system Failure analysis |
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| Publisher | Springer International Publishing |
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| References | Carbon Trust (2015) Floating offshore wind: Market and technology review. Prepared for the Scottish Government. Available at: https://www.carbontrust.com/media/670664/floating-offshore-wind-market-technology-review.pdf Karimirad M, Moan T (2012b) Comparative study of spar-type wind turbines in deep and moderate water depths. In: ASME 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 1–6, 2012, pp 551–560 ShafieeMDinmohammadiFAn FMEA-based risk assessment approach for wind turbine systems: a comparative study of onshore and offshoreEnergies20147261964210.3390/en7020619 Roddier D, Cermelli C, Weinstein A (2009) WindFloat: a floating foundation for offshore wind turbines Part I design basis and qualification process. In: 28th International conference on ocean, offshore and arctic engineering, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, May 31–June 5 2009 BashettySOzcelikSReview on dynamics of offshore floating wind turbine platformsEnergies202114602610.3390/en14196026 KarimiradMMoanTFeasibility of the application of a spar-type wind turbine at a moderate water depthEnergy Procedia201224187634035010.1016/j.egypro.2012.06.117 AhnH-JShinHModel test and numerical simulation of OC3 spar type floating offshore wind turbineInt J Naval Archit Ocean Eng201911111010.1016/j.ijnaoe.2017.09.010 Jonkman J, Butterfield S, Musial W, Scott G (2009) Definition of a 5 MW reference wind turbine for offshore system development. Technical Report, NREL/TP-500–38060, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA, p 63 Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) (2021) Global Wind Report 2021 Available at https://gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/GWEC-Global-Wind-Report-2021.pdf Jonkman J (2010) Definition of the floating system for phase IV of OC3. Technical Report, NREL/TP-500–47535, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA, p 25 DinmohammadiFShafieeMA fuzzy-FMEA risk assessment approach for offshore wind turbinesInt J Progn Health Manag201344110 ShafieeMSørensenJDMaintenance optimization and inspection planning of wind energy assets: models, methods and strategiesReliab Eng Syst Saf201919210599310.1016/j.ress.2017.10.025 Skaare B (2017) Development of the Hywind concept. In: ASME 36th International Conference on ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Trondheim, Norway, 25–30 June, 2017 WeinzettelJReenaasMSolliCHertwichEGLife cycle assessment of a floating offshore wind turbineRenew Energy200934374274710.1016/j.renene.2008.04.004 ThiagarajanKPA review of floating platform concepts for offshore wind energy generationJ Offshore Mech Arctic Eng2014136202090310.1115/1.4026607 NematbakhshAOlingerDJTryggvasonGNonlinear simulation of a spar buoy floating wind turbine under extreme ocean conditionsJ Renew Sustain Energy2014603312110.1063/1.4880217 FaulstichSHahnBTavnerPJWind turbine downtime and its importance for offshore deploymentWind Energy201114332733710.1002/we.421 KangJSunLSoaresCGFault tree analysis of floating offshore wind turbinesRenew Energy20191331455146710.1016/j.renene.2018.08.097 SultaniaAManuelLReliability analysis for a spar-supported floating offshore wind turbineWind Eng2018421516510.1177/0309524X17723206 LiHDiazHSoaresCGA developed failure mode and effect analysis for floating offshore wind turbine support structuresRenew Energy202116413314510.1016/j.renene.2020.09.033 Kenneth G, William C (2018) Wind turbine foundations, ICE Themes, ISBN: 9780727763969 JonkmanJMMathaDDynamics of offshore floating wind turbines-analysis of three conceptsWind Energy201114455756910.1002/we.442 Arabian-HoseynabadiHOraeeHTavnerPJWind turbine productivity considering electrical subassembly reliabilityRenew Energy201035119019710.1016/j.renene.2009.04.014 Carbon Trust (2018) Floating wind joint industry project - summary report phase 1. Available at: https://prod-drupal-files.storage.googleapis.com/documents/resource/public/Floating%20Wind%20Joint%20Industry%20Project%20-%20Summary%20Report%20Phase%201%20REPORT.pdf LinY-HKaoS-HYangC-HInvestigation of hydrodynamic forces for floating offshore wind turbines on spar buoys and tension leg platforms with the mooring systems in wavesAppl Sci20199360810.3390/app9030608 YangWTavnerPJCrabtreeCJFengYQiuYWind turbine condition monitoring: technical and commercial challengesWind Energy201417567369310.1002/we.1508 The Crown Estate (2012) UK market potential and technology assessment for floating offshore wind power. An assessment of the commercialization potential of the floating offshore wind industry. Available at: https://pelastar.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/uk-floating-offshore-wind-power-report.pdf. KangJSunLSunHWuCRisk assessment of floating offshore wind turbine based on correlation-FMEAOcean Eng201712938238810.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.11.048 PérezJMPMárquezFPGTobiasAPapaeliasMWind turbine reliability analysisRenew Sustain Energy Rev20132346347210.1016/j.rser.2013.03.018 BurtonTJenkinsNSharpeDBossanyiEWind Energy Handbook20112Chichester UKWileyp. 78010.1002/9781119992714 Arabian-HoseynabadiHOraeeHTavnerPJFailure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) for wind turbinesInt J Electr Power Energy Syst201032781782410.1016/j.ijepes.2010.01.019 Guo Y, Sun L, Luo N, Liu Z (2015) Reliability allocation and fault tree qualitative analysis for floating wind turbines. In: The twenty-fifth International ocean and polar engineering conference, Kona, Hawaii, USA 21–26 June MárquezFPGPérezJMPMarugánAPPapaeliasMIdentification of critical components of wind turbines using FTA over the timeRenew Energy20168786988310.1016/j.renene.2015.09.038 Equinor (2018) The market outlook for floating offshore wind. Available at: https://www.equinor.com/en/what-we-do/hywind-where-the-wind-takes-us/the-market-outlook-for-floating-offshore-wind.html ZhangXSunLSunHGuoQBaicXFloating offshore wind turbine reliability analysis based on system grading and dynamic FTAJ Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn2016154213310.1016/j.jweia.2016.04.005 SunXHuangDWuGThe current state of offshore wind energy technology developmentEnergy201241129831210.1016/j.energy.2012.02.054 ChenJHuZDuanFComparisons of dynamical characteristics of a 5 MW floating wind turbine supported by a spar-buoy and a semi-submersible using model testing methodsJ Renew Sustain Energy20181005331110.1063/1.5048384 T Burton (982_CR1) 2011 X Sun (982_CR10) 2012; 41 J Chen (982_CR25) 2018; 10 J Kang (982_CR17) 2017; 129 982_CR23 H Arabian-Hoseynabadi (982_CR35) 2010; 35 Y-H Lin (982_CR28) 2019; 9 A Nematbakhsh (982_CR24) 2014; 6 JM Jonkman (982_CR9) 2011; 14 982_CR20 982_CR21 S Faulstich (982_CR37) 2011; 14 F Dinmohammadi (982_CR32) 2013; 4 H Li (982_CR19) 2021; 164 A Sultania (982_CR26) 2018; 42 M Shafiee (982_CR33) 2014; 7 JMP Pérez (982_CR36) 2013; 23 KP Thiagarajan (982_CR5) 2014; 136 982_CR7 982_CR6 982_CR4 982_CR3 982_CR2 982_CR12 H Arabian-Hoseynabadi (982_CR34) 2010; 32 982_CR13 M Shafiee (982_CR31) 2019; 192 X Zhang (982_CR16) 2016; 154 982_CR15 S Bashetty (982_CR29) 2021; 14 J Kang (982_CR18) 2019; 133 H-J Ahn (982_CR27) 2019; 11 982_CR11 M Karimirad (982_CR22) 2012; 24 J Weinzettel (982_CR8) 2009; 34 FPG Márquez (982_CR30) 2016; 87 W Yang (982_CR14) 2014; 17 |
| References_xml | – reference: Arabian-HoseynabadiHOraeeHTavnerPJFailure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) for wind turbinesInt J Electr Power Energy Syst201032781782410.1016/j.ijepes.2010.01.019 – reference: Equinor (2018) The market outlook for floating offshore wind. Available at: https://www.equinor.com/en/what-we-do/hywind-where-the-wind-takes-us/the-market-outlook-for-floating-offshore-wind.html – reference: YangWTavnerPJCrabtreeCJFengYQiuYWind turbine condition monitoring: technical and commercial challengesWind Energy201417567369310.1002/we.1508 – reference: Arabian-HoseynabadiHOraeeHTavnerPJWind turbine productivity considering electrical subassembly reliabilityRenew Energy201035119019710.1016/j.renene.2009.04.014 – reference: ZhangXSunLSunHGuoQBaicXFloating offshore wind turbine reliability analysis based on system grading and dynamic FTAJ Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn2016154213310.1016/j.jweia.2016.04.005 – reference: Guo Y, Sun L, Luo N, Liu Z (2015) Reliability allocation and fault tree qualitative analysis for floating wind turbines. In: The twenty-fifth International ocean and polar engineering conference, Kona, Hawaii, USA 21–26 June – reference: DinmohammadiFShafieeMA fuzzy-FMEA risk assessment approach for offshore wind turbinesInt J Progn Health Manag201344110 – reference: Kenneth G, William C (2018) Wind turbine foundations, ICE Themes, ISBN: 9780727763969 – reference: LinY-HKaoS-HYangC-HInvestigation of hydrodynamic forces for floating offshore wind turbines on spar buoys and tension leg platforms with the mooring systems in wavesAppl Sci20199360810.3390/app9030608 – reference: Karimirad M, Moan T (2012b) Comparative study of spar-type wind turbines in deep and moderate water depths. In: ASME 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 1–6, 2012, pp 551–560 – reference: KangJSunLSunHWuCRisk assessment of floating offshore wind turbine based on correlation-FMEAOcean Eng201712938238810.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.11.048 – reference: BashettySOzcelikSReview on dynamics of offshore floating wind turbine platformsEnergies202114602610.3390/en14196026 – reference: WeinzettelJReenaasMSolliCHertwichEGLife cycle assessment of a floating offshore wind turbineRenew Energy200934374274710.1016/j.renene.2008.04.004 – reference: SunXHuangDWuGThe current state of offshore wind energy technology developmentEnergy201241129831210.1016/j.energy.2012.02.054 – reference: KangJSunLSoaresCGFault tree analysis of floating offshore wind turbinesRenew Energy20191331455146710.1016/j.renene.2018.08.097 – reference: JonkmanJMMathaDDynamics of offshore floating wind turbines-analysis of three conceptsWind Energy201114455756910.1002/we.442 – reference: Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) (2021) Global Wind Report 2021 Available at https://gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/GWEC-Global-Wind-Report-2021.pdf – reference: KarimiradMMoanTFeasibility of the application of a spar-type wind turbine at a moderate water depthEnergy Procedia201224187634035010.1016/j.egypro.2012.06.117 – reference: ChenJHuZDuanFComparisons of dynamical characteristics of a 5 MW floating wind turbine supported by a spar-buoy and a semi-submersible using model testing methodsJ Renew Sustain Energy20181005331110.1063/1.5048384 – reference: Carbon Trust (2018) Floating wind joint industry project - summary report phase 1. Available at: https://prod-drupal-files.storage.googleapis.com/documents/resource/public/Floating%20Wind%20Joint%20Industry%20Project%20-%20Summary%20Report%20Phase%201%20REPORT.pdf – reference: The Crown Estate (2012) UK market potential and technology assessment for floating offshore wind power. An assessment of the commercialization potential of the floating offshore wind industry. Available at: https://pelastar.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/uk-floating-offshore-wind-power-report.pdf. – reference: LiHDiazHSoaresCGA developed failure mode and effect analysis for floating offshore wind turbine support structuresRenew Energy202116413314510.1016/j.renene.2020.09.033 – reference: Jonkman J, Butterfield S, Musial W, Scott G (2009) Definition of a 5 MW reference wind turbine for offshore system development. Technical Report, NREL/TP-500–38060, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA, p 63 – reference: ThiagarajanKPA review of floating platform concepts for offshore wind energy generationJ Offshore Mech Arctic Eng2014136202090310.1115/1.4026607 – reference: BurtonTJenkinsNSharpeDBossanyiEWind Energy Handbook20112Chichester UKWileyp. 78010.1002/9781119992714 – reference: PérezJMPMárquezFPGTobiasAPapaeliasMWind turbine reliability analysisRenew Sustain Energy Rev20132346347210.1016/j.rser.2013.03.018 – reference: FaulstichSHahnBTavnerPJWind turbine downtime and its importance for offshore deploymentWind Energy201114332733710.1002/we.421 – reference: AhnH-JShinHModel test and numerical simulation of OC3 spar type floating offshore wind turbineInt J Naval Archit Ocean Eng201911111010.1016/j.ijnaoe.2017.09.010 – reference: ShafieeMDinmohammadiFAn FMEA-based risk assessment approach for wind turbine systems: a comparative study of onshore and offshoreEnergies20147261964210.3390/en7020619 – reference: Jonkman J (2010) Definition of the floating system for phase IV of OC3. 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