Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicle Aggregations Participating in Energy and Ancillary Service Markets

• Published in: IEEE journal of emerging and selected topics in industrial electronics (Print) Vol. 3; no. 2; pp. 270 - 278
• Main Authors: Gao, Shuang, Li, Hailong, Jurasz, Jakub, Dai, Ruxin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.04.2022; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Ancillary services; Batteries; Electric power demand; Electric vehicle (EV) aggregator; Electric vehicle charging; Electric vehicles; electricity market; Electricity supply industry; Frequency control; frequency regulation (FR); Operating costs; Optimization algorithms; Optimization models; Power systems; Pricing; Profitability; Regulation; Residential areas; Vehicle-to-grid; vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
• DOI: 10.1109/JESTIE.2021.3102417
• ISSN: 2687-9735; 2687-9743

Providing ancillary services through flexible electric vehicle (EV) charging has the potential to offer extra market benefit for EVs. EV aggregator controlling a fleet of EVs can play a significant role in managing the considerable EV charging demand and bid in the electricity markets. The increasing penetration of EVs has created the feasibility of participating in both the day-ahead energy market and frequency regulation market. This article presents a multimarket optimization model for minimizing the net operation cost of EV charging considering the benefit from performing frequency regulation. A two-level optimization algorithm for EVs controlled by the aggregator is proposed to determine optimal operation strategies of EV aggregations and the charging power of each individual EV. The optimization is able to merge revenue from frequency regulation with the cost reduction objectives of traditional EV charging management. The effectiveness of optimization algorithm is demonstrated by simulating EVs charged at the workplace and residential areas. The operation of EV aggregator is studied considering the diverse charging need of individual EV and market prices acquired from Nord Pool real-time market and Swedish power system operator. The increased profitability of participation in the sequential electricity markets has been illustrated. Net operating cost of EV aggregations can be significantly reduced considering both capacity and energy remunerations in the regulation market and the charging demand in the energy market.