Functional holey graphene oxide: a new electrochemically transformed substrate material for dopamine sensing
Increasing active sites through generating holes within the basal plane of graphene sheets is an effective strategy to enhance catalytic performance in various applications such as sensors, electrocatalysis, and electronics. In this study, we report a simple two-step electrochemical approach to conv...
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Published in | RSC advances Vol. 5; no. 129; pp. 107123 - 107135 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
01.01.2015
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Subjects | |
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Abstract | Increasing active sites through generating holes within the basal plane of graphene sheets is an effective strategy to enhance catalytic performance in various applications such as sensors, electrocatalysis, and electronics. In this study, we report a simple two-step electrochemical approach to convert graphene oxide (GO) into holey graphene oxide (HGO)—graphene sheets with holes ranging from several to tens of nanometers in diameter. The resultant HGO graphene has an order of magnitude more effective surface area than GO, and behaves almost as a reversible electrode system in terms of peak-to-peak seperation value (Δ
E
) and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (
k
0
) towards the Fe(CN)
6
3−/4−
redox probe. Characterization of the HGO surface using atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry confirmed generation of holes on the graphene sheets. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) was immobilized on ‘as prepared’ HGO demonstrating an additional advantage from the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the resultant HGO surface. The β-CD-HGO nanocomposite was investigated as a potential dopamine (DA) sensor material using amperometric techniques. The linear range for DA detection was 0.1–800 μM (
N
= 3), sensitivity was 4.4 nA μM
−1
cm
−2
, and the detection limit was 7.6 nM (S/N = 3). In addition to enhanced catalytic performance, HGO can be easily modified with materials such as β-cyclodextrin, as well as nanoparticles, bioactive molecules, and stimuli responsive polymers, providing a promising sensor platform. |
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AbstractList | Increasing active sites through generating holes within the basal plane of graphene sheets is an effective strategy to enhance catalytic performance in various applications such as sensors, electrocatalysis, and electronics. In this study, we report a simple two-step electrochemical approach to convert graphene oxide (GO) into holey graphene oxide (HGO)—graphene sheets with holes ranging from several to tens of nanometers in diameter. The resultant HGO graphene has an order of magnitude more effective surface area than GO, and behaves almost as a reversible electrode system in terms of peak-to-peak seperation value (Δ
E
) and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (
k
0
) towards the Fe(CN)
6
3−/4−
redox probe. Characterization of the HGO surface using atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry confirmed generation of holes on the graphene sheets. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) was immobilized on ‘as prepared’ HGO demonstrating an additional advantage from the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the resultant HGO surface. The β-CD-HGO nanocomposite was investigated as a potential dopamine (DA) sensor material using amperometric techniques. The linear range for DA detection was 0.1–800 μM (
N
= 3), sensitivity was 4.4 nA μM
−1
cm
−2
, and the detection limit was 7.6 nM (S/N = 3). In addition to enhanced catalytic performance, HGO can be easily modified with materials such as β-cyclodextrin, as well as nanoparticles, bioactive molecules, and stimuli responsive polymers, providing a promising sensor platform. Increasing active sites through generating holes within the basal plane of graphene sheets is an effective strategy to enhance catalytic performance in various applications such as sensors, electrocatalysis, and electronics. In this study, we report a simple two-step electrochemical approach to convert graphene oxide (GO) into holey graphene oxide (HGO)-graphene sheets with holes ranging from several to tens of nanometers in diameter. The resultant HGO graphene has an order of magnitude more effective surface area than GO, and behaves almost as a reversible electrode system in terms of peak-to-peak seperation value ( Delta E) and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k0) towards the Fe(CN)63-/4- redox probe. Characterization of the HGO surface using atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry confirmed generation of holes on the graphene sheets. beta -Cyclodextrin ( beta -CD) was immobilized on 'as prepared' HGO demonstrating an additional advantage from the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the resultant HGO surface. The beta -CD-HGO nanocomposite was investigated as a potential dopamine (DA) sensor material using amperometric techniques. The linear range for DA detection was 0.1-800 mu M (N = 3), sensitivity was 4.4 nA mu M-1 cm-2, and the detection limit was 7.6 nM (S/N = 3). In addition to enhanced catalytic performance, HGO can be easily modified with materials such as beta -cyclodextrin, as well as nanoparticles, bioactive molecules, and stimuli responsive polymers, providing a promising sensor platform. |
Author | Walters, Keisha B. Leszczynska, Danuta Vasquez, Erick S. Zakaria, A. B. M. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: A. B. M. surname: Zakaria fullname: Zakaria, A. B. M. organization: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Erick S. surname: Vasquez fullname: Vasquez, Erick S. organization: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Keisha B. surname: Walters fullname: Walters, Keisha B. organization: Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Danuta surname: Leszczynska fullname: Leszczynska, Danuta organization: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jackson State University, Jackson, USA |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1039_C7NR00967D crossref_primary_10_3390_s23239508 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apsusc_2019_04_015 crossref_primary_10_20964_2018_06_19 crossref_primary_10_3390_chemosensors7010001 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcs6110335 crossref_primary_10_1149_2_0401702jes crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matchemphys_2022_125990 crossref_primary_10_1039_C6RA17603H crossref_primary_10_1039_D3AY00573A crossref_primary_10_22226_2410_3535_2021_4_392_396 |
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