Properties of Goal Systems: Consistency, Conflict, and Coherence
The paper provides a formal representation of goal systems. The focus is on three properties: consistency, conflict, and coherence. An aim is to attain conceptual clarity of these properties. It is argued that consistency is adequately regarded as a property relative to the decision situation or, mo...
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| Published in | Studia logica Vol. 89; no. 1; pp. 37 - 58 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Dordrecht
Springer
01.06.2008
Springer Netherlands |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0039-3215 1572-8730 1572-8730 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s11225-008-9117-6 |
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| Abstract | The paper provides a formal representation of goal systems. The focus is on three properties: consistency, conflict, and coherence. An aim is to attain conceptual clarity of these properties. It is argued that consistency is adequately regarded as a property relative to the decision situation or, more specifically, the set of alternatives that the agent faces. Moreover, as a condition of rationality, consistency is stronger than some writers have claimed. Conflict is adequately regarded as a relation over subsets of a given goal system and should likewise be regarded as relative to the set of alternatives that the agent faces. Coherence is given a probabilistic interpretation, based on a support relation over subsets of goal systems. |
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| AbstractList | The paper provides a formal representation of goal systems. The focus is on three properties: consistency, conflict, and coherence. An aim is to attain conceptual clarity of these properties. It is argued that consistency is adequately regarded as a property relative to the decision situation or, more specifically, the set of alternatives that the agent faces. Moreover, as a condition of rationality, consistency is stronger than some writers have claimed. Conflict is adequately regarded as a relation over subsets of a given goal system and should likewise be regarded as relative to the set of alternatives that the agent faces. Coherence is given a probabilistic interpretation, based on a support relation over subsets of goal systems. |
| Author | Rosencrantz, Holger |
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| References | Dastani, M., and L. van der Torre, ‘Specifying the Merging of Desires into Goals in the Context of Beliefs’, in M. H. Shafazand and A. M. Tjoa (eds.), EurAsia ICT 2002: Proceedings of the First Eurasian Conference on Advances in Information and Communication Technology, Springer, 2002, pp. 824–831. Edvardsson, K., How to Set Rational Environmental Goals: Theory and Applications, Licentiate thesis, Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm), 2006. BrendelE.‘Coherence theory of knowledge: a gradational account’Erkenntnis19995029330710.1023/A:1005538324684 OlssonE.J.‘A coherence interpretation of semi-revision’Theoria19976310513410.1111/j.1755-2567.1997.tb00742.x Hansson, S. O., A Textbook of Belief Dynamics. Theory Change and Database Updating, Kluwer, 1999. SpohnW.‘The many facets of the concept of rationality’Croatian Journal of Philosophy20022247262 Tarski, A., Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics. Papers from 1923 to 1938, Clarendon Press, 1956. Olsson, E. J., Against Coherence. Truth, Probability, and Justification, Oxford University Press, 2005. Simon, H., Reason in Human Affairs, Basil Blackwell, 1983. KrantzD.H.RaiffaH.TverskyA.Foundations of Measurement. Part I. Additive and Polynomial Representation1971New YorkAcademic Press HanssonS.O.‘Coherence in epistemology and belief revision’Philosophical Studies20061289310810.1007/s11098-005-4058-7 de FinettiB.‘La prévision: ses lois logiques, ses sources subjectives’Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré19377168 Ramsey, F.P., ‘Truth and probability’, in R. B. Braithwaite (ed.), The Foundations of Mathematics and Other Logical Essays, Humanities Press, 1931. EdvardssonE.‘Using goals in environmental management: the Swedish system of environmental objectives’Environmental management20043417018010.1007/s00267-004-3073-3 HanssonS.O.OlssonE.J.‘Providing foundations for coherentism’Erkenntnis19995124326510.1023/A:1005510414170 Levi, I., The Enterprise of Knowledge, MIT Press, 1980. Russell, B., Human Society in Ethics and Politics, Allen and Unwin, 1954. Edvardsson, K., ‘Rational environmental goals and sustainable planning’, in U. Mander, C. A. Brebbia, and E. Tiezzi (eds.), The Sustainable City IV: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability, WTI Press, 2006, pp. 477–486. SenA.K.‘Choice functions and revealed preference’Review of Economic Studies19713830731710.2307/2296384 MillgramE.‘Coherence: the price of the ticket’Journal of Philosophy2000978293 Allais, M., ‘The foundations of a positive theory of choice involving risk and a criticism of the postulates and axioms of the American school’, in M. Allais and O. Hagen (eds.), Expected Utility Hypotheses and the Allais Paradox, D. Reidel, 1953[1979]. da Costa Pereira, C., and A.G.B. Tettamanzi, ‘Goal generation with ordered beliefs’, pp. 133–144 in Basili, R., and M. T. Pazienza (eds.), AI*IA 2007: Artificial Intelligence and Human-Oriented Computing, Springer, 2007. AlchourrónC.E.GärdenforsP.MakinsonD.‘On the logic of theory chance: partial meet contraction and revision functions’Journal of Symbolic Logic19855051053010.2307/2274239 RosencrantzH.EdvardssonK.HanssonS.O.‘Vision Zero: is it irrational?’Transportation Research Part A. Policy and Practice20074155956710.1016/j.tra.2006.11.002 OlssonE.J.‘What is the problem of coherence and truth?’Journal of Philosophy20029924627210.2307/3655648 Hansson, S. O., Belief Base Dynamics, PhD thesis, Uppsala University, 1991. SenA.K.‘Quasi-transitivity, rational choice, and collective decisions’Review of Economic Studies19693538139310.2307/2296434 Lewis, C. I., An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation, Open Court (LaSalle, Ill.), 1946. Richardson, H. S., Practical Reasoning about Final Ends, Cambridge University Press, 1997. Rosencrantz, H., ‘Rational policy goals: road safety in Scandinavia’, in D. A. Brebbia and V. Dolezel (eds.), Urban Transport XII. Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century, WIT Press, 2006, pp. 151–157. HanssonS.O.‘Formalization in philosophy’Bullentin of Symbolic Logic2000616217510.2307/421204 ShogenjiT.‘Is coherence truth-conducive?’Analysis1999LIX33834510.1093/analys/59.4.338 Hansson, S. O., ‘Preference logic’, in D. M. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (eds.), Handbook of Philosophical Logic, vol. 4 (2nd ed.), Dordrecht, 2001, pp. 319–393. Mele, A. R., and P. Rawling (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Rationality, Oxford University Press, 2004. BroersenJ.DastaniM.HulstijnJ.van der TorreL.‘Goal generation in the BOID architecture’Cognitive Science Quarterly Journal20022428447 Rahwan, I., and L. Amgoud, ‘An argumentation based approach for practical reasoning’, in P. Stone, and G. Weiss (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems AAMAS ’06, ACM (New York), 2006, pp. 347–354. Savage, L., The Foundations of Statistics, Wiley, 1954. Shapiro, S., Y. Lesp´erance, and H.J. Levesque, ‘Goal change’, in L. Pack Kaelbling and A. Saffiotti (eds.), IJCAI-05. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Internat. Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Professional Book Center, 2005, pp. 582–588. Gärdenfors, P., Knowledge in Flux. Modeling the Dynamics of Epistemic States, MIT Press, 1988. EdvardssonE.HanssonS.O.‘When is a goal rational?’Social Choice and Welfare20052434336110.1007/s00355-003-0309-8 Fuhrmann, A., An Essay on Contraction, CSLI Publications (Stanford), 1997. Sen, A. K., Rationality and Freedom, Belknapp Press of Harvard University, 2002. Hansson, S. O., and D. Makinson, ‘Applying normative rules with restraint’, in M. L. Dalla Chiara (ed.), Logic and Scientific Methods, Kluwer, 1997, pp. 313–332. Keeney, R. L., and H. Raiffa, Decisions with Multiple Objectives. Preferences and Value Tradeoffs, Cambridge University Press, 1993 (first published in 1976). Alchourrón, C. E., and E. Bulygin, Normative Systems, Springer, 1971. OlssonE.J.‘Making beliefs coherent: the substraction and addition strategies’Journal of Logic, Language and Information1998714316310.1023/A:1008274704871 Levi, I., Decisions and Revisions, Cambridge University Press, 1984. E. Brendel (9117_CR4) 1999; 50 W. Spohn (9117_CR46) 2002; 2 9117_CR26 9117_CR27 9117_CR22 E.J. Olsson (9117_CR31) 2002; 99 9117_CR45 9117_CR24 A.K. Sen (9117_CR40) 1969; 35 9117_CR25 9117_CR47 9117_CR20 9117_CR42 9117_CR43 E. Edvardsson (9117_CR8) 2004; 34 S.O. Hansson (9117_CR21) 1999; 51 E. Edvardsson (9117_CR11) 2005; 24 T. Shogenji (9117_CR44) 1999; LIX 9117_CR7 9117_CR6 9117_CR1 E.J. Olsson (9117_CR30) 1998; 7 A.K. Sen (9117_CR41) 1971; 38 9117_CR3 9117_CR15 9117_CR16 9117_CR38 9117_CR39 9117_CR18 9117_CR9 9117_CR33 9117_CR34 J. Broersen (9117_CR5) 2002; 2 9117_CR13 S.O. Hansson (9117_CR19) 2006; 128 9117_CR35 9117_CR14 E. Millgram (9117_CR28) 2000; 97 9117_CR36 H. Rosencrantz (9117_CR37) 2007; 41 9117_CR10 E.J. Olsson (9117_CR29) 1997; 63 9117_CR32 B. 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| References_xml | – reference: Russell, B., Human Society in Ethics and Politics, Allen and Unwin, 1954. – reference: Hansson, S. O., ‘Preference logic’, in D. M. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (eds.), Handbook of Philosophical Logic, vol. 4 (2nd ed.), Dordrecht, 2001, pp. 319–393. – reference: Ramsey, F.P., ‘Truth and probability’, in R. B. Braithwaite (ed.), The Foundations of Mathematics and Other Logical Essays, Humanities Press, 1931. – reference: Dastani, M., and L. van der Torre, ‘Specifying the Merging of Desires into Goals in the Context of Beliefs’, in M. H. Shafazand and A. M. Tjoa (eds.), EurAsia ICT 2002: Proceedings of the First Eurasian Conference on Advances in Information and Communication Technology, Springer, 2002, pp. 824–831. – reference: Rosencrantz, H., ‘Rational policy goals: road safety in Scandinavia’, in D. A. Brebbia and V. Dolezel (eds.), Urban Transport XII. Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century, WIT Press, 2006, pp. 151–157. – reference: MillgramE.‘Coherence: the price of the ticket’Journal of Philosophy2000978293 – reference: SenA.K.‘Quasi-transitivity, rational choice, and collective decisions’Review of Economic Studies19693538139310.2307/2296434 – reference: Alchourrón, C. E., and E. Bulygin, Normative Systems, Springer, 1971. – reference: Fuhrmann, A., An Essay on Contraction, CSLI Publications (Stanford), 1997. – reference: Savage, L., The Foundations of Statistics, Wiley, 1954. – reference: EdvardssonE.‘Using goals in environmental management: the Swedish system of environmental objectives’Environmental management20043417018010.1007/s00267-004-3073-3 – reference: Simon, H., Reason in Human Affairs, Basil Blackwell, 1983. – reference: Shapiro, S., Y. Lesp´erance, and H.J. Levesque, ‘Goal change’, in L. Pack Kaelbling and A. Saffiotti (eds.), IJCAI-05. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Internat. Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Professional Book Center, 2005, pp. 582–588. – reference: da Costa Pereira, C., and A.G.B. Tettamanzi, ‘Goal generation with ordered beliefs’, pp. 133–144 in Basili, R., and M. T. Pazienza (eds.), AI*IA 2007: Artificial Intelligence and Human-Oriented Computing, Springer, 2007. – reference: OlssonE.J.‘What is the problem of coherence and truth?’Journal of Philosophy20029924627210.2307/3655648 – reference: BroersenJ.DastaniM.HulstijnJ.van der TorreL.‘Goal generation in the BOID architecture’Cognitive Science Quarterly Journal20022428447 – reference: Mele, A. R., and P. Rawling (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Rationality, Oxford University Press, 2004. – reference: Sen, A. K., Rationality and Freedom, Belknapp Press of Harvard University, 2002. – reference: KrantzD.H.RaiffaH.TverskyA.Foundations of Measurement. Part I. Additive and Polynomial Representation1971New YorkAcademic Press – reference: ShogenjiT.‘Is coherence truth-conducive?’Analysis1999LIX33834510.1093/analys/59.4.338 – reference: Edvardsson, K., ‘Rational environmental goals and sustainable planning’, in U. Mander, C. A. Brebbia, and E. Tiezzi (eds.), The Sustainable City IV: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability, WTI Press, 2006, pp. 477–486. – reference: Gärdenfors, P., Knowledge in Flux. Modeling the Dynamics of Epistemic States, MIT Press, 1988. – reference: RosencrantzH.EdvardssonK.HanssonS.O.‘Vision Zero: is it irrational?’Transportation Research Part A. Policy and Practice20074155956710.1016/j.tra.2006.11.002 – reference: AlchourrónC.E.GärdenforsP.MakinsonD.‘On the logic of theory chance: partial meet contraction and revision functions’Journal of Symbolic Logic19855051053010.2307/2274239 – reference: Allais, M., ‘The foundations of a positive theory of choice involving risk and a criticism of the postulates and axioms of the American school’, in M. Allais and O. Hagen (eds.), Expected Utility Hypotheses and the Allais Paradox, D. Reidel, 1953[1979]. – reference: OlssonE.J.‘A coherence interpretation of semi-revision’Theoria19976310513410.1111/j.1755-2567.1997.tb00742.x – reference: HanssonS.O.‘Formalization in philosophy’Bullentin of Symbolic Logic2000616217510.2307/421204 – reference: Richardson, H. S., Practical Reasoning about Final Ends, Cambridge University Press, 1997. – reference: Olsson, E. J., Against Coherence. Truth, Probability, and Justification, Oxford University Press, 2005. – reference: Hansson, S. O., A Textbook of Belief Dynamics. Theory Change and Database Updating, Kluwer, 1999. – reference: SpohnW.‘The many facets of the concept of rationality’Croatian Journal of Philosophy20022247262 – reference: BrendelE.‘Coherence theory of knowledge: a gradational account’Erkenntnis19995029330710.1023/A:1005538324684 – reference: SenA.K.‘Choice functions and revealed preference’Review of Economic Studies19713830731710.2307/2296384 – reference: Hansson, S. O., and D. Makinson, ‘Applying normative rules with restraint’, in M. L. Dalla Chiara (ed.), Logic and Scientific Methods, Kluwer, 1997, pp. 313–332. – reference: Tarski, A., Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics. Papers from 1923 to 1938, Clarendon Press, 1956. – reference: de FinettiB.‘La prévision: ses lois logiques, ses sources subjectives’Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré19377168 – reference: Edvardsson, K., How to Set Rational Environmental Goals: Theory and Applications, Licentiate thesis, Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm), 2006. – reference: Levi, I., The Enterprise of Knowledge, MIT Press, 1980. – reference: OlssonE.J.‘Making beliefs coherent: the substraction and addition strategies’Journal of Logic, Language and Information1998714316310.1023/A:1008274704871 – reference: HanssonS.O.OlssonE.J.‘Providing foundations for coherentism’Erkenntnis19995124326510.1023/A:1005510414170 – reference: Keeney, R. L., and H. Raiffa, Decisions with Multiple Objectives. Preferences and Value Tradeoffs, Cambridge University Press, 1993 (first published in 1976). – reference: HanssonS.O.‘Coherence in epistemology and belief revision’Philosophical Studies20061289310810.1007/s11098-005-4058-7 – reference: Levi, I., Decisions and Revisions, Cambridge University Press, 1984. – reference: Rahwan, I., and L. Amgoud, ‘An argumentation based approach for practical reasoning’, in P. Stone, and G. Weiss (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems AAMAS ’06, ACM (New York), 2006, pp. 347–354. – reference: EdvardssonE.HanssonS.O.‘When is a goal rational?’Social Choice and Welfare20052434336110.1007/s00355-003-0309-8 – reference: Lewis, C. I., An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation, Open Court (LaSalle, Ill.), 1946. – reference: Hansson, S. 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Part I. 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| Snippet | The paper provides a formal representation of goal systems. The focus is on three properties: consistency, conflict, and coherence. An aim is to attain... |
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| SubjectTerms | Belief coherence Computational Linguistics Education Epistemology Filosofiämnen goal conflict goal systems Historisk-filosofiska ämnen History and philosophy subjects HUMANIORA och RELIGIONSVETENSKAP HUMANITIES and RELIGION Logic Mathematical Logic and Foundations Maximality Philosophical analysis Philosophy Philosophy subjects Profits Rational choice theory Rationality Reason Sustainable cities Truth |
| Title | Properties of Goal Systems: Consistency, Conflict, and Coherence |
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