An Organic–Inorganic Hydrogel with Exceptional Mechanical Properties via Anion‐Induced Synergistic Toughening for Accelerating Osteogenic Differentiation

• Published in: Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) Vol. 20; no. 43; pp. e2403322 - n/a
• Main Authors: Luo, Hongmei, Mu, Qifeng, Zhu, Ruijie, Li, Min, Shen, Huanwei, Lu, Honglang, Hu, Longyu, Tian, Jiajun, Cui, Wei, Ran, Rong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Germany Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.10.2024
• Subjects: Addition polymerization; Anions; Biological effects; Biological properties; Cationic polymerization; Differentiation (biology); Energy dissipation; Fatigue; Fatigue failure; Hydrogels; Mechanical properties; Mineralization; Minerals; osteoconductivity; Salting; salting‐out; Stem cells; toughening; salting‐out; mineralization; hydrogels; osteoconductivity; toughening
• ISSN: 1613-6810; 1613-6829; 1613-6829
• DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403322

Mineralized bio‐tissues achieve exceptional mechanical properties through the assembly of rigid inorganic minerals and soft organic matrices, providing abundant inspiration for synthetic materials. Hydrogels, serving as an ideal candidate to mimic the organic matrix in bio‐tissues, can be strengthened by the direct introduction of minerals. However, this enhancement often comes at the expense of toughness due to interfacial mismatch. This study reveals that extreme toughening of hydrogels can be realized through simultaneous in situ mineralization and salting‐out, without the need for special chemical modification or additional reinforcements. The key to this strategy lies in harnessing the kosmotropic and precipitation behavior of specific anions as they penetrate a hydrogel system containing both anion‐sensitive polymers and multivalent cations. The resulting mineralized hydrogels demonstrate significant improvements in fracture stress, fracture energy, and fatigue threshold due to a multiscale energy dissipation mechanism, with optimal values reaching 12 MPa, 49 kJ m−2, and 2.98 kJ m−2. This simple strategy also proves to be generalizable to other anions, resulting in tough hydrogels with osteoconductivity for promoting in vitro mineralization of human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells. This work introduces a universal route to toughen hydrogels without compromising other parameters, holding promise for biological applications demanding integrated mechanical properties. Drawing inspiration from the structure and mechanical features of mineralized tissues, an organic–inorganic hybrid hydrogel synthesized via anion‐induced simultaneous mineralization and salting‐out processes is introduced. The synergistic toughening imparts exceptional mechanical properties and biocompatibility to the hydrogel, showcasing its potential for various biological applications, such as the facilitation of in vitro mineralization of human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells.