Appropriate Screening Tests to Assess Post-COVID-19 Cognitive Dysfunction in Aeromedical Settings

• Published in: Aerospace medicine and human performance Vol. 96; no. 5; p. 414
• Main Authors: Beka, Solomon G, Griffiths, Robin F, Myers, Julia A, Skirrow, Paul M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.05.2025
• Subjects: Aerospace Medicine; Cognitive Dysfunction - diagnosis; Cognitive Dysfunction - etiology; COVID-19 - complications; COVID-19 - psychology; Humans; Mass Screening; Neuropsychological Tests; Pilots - psychology; SARS-CoV-2; aeromedical evaluations; neurocognitive screening tests; long COVID
• DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.6500.2025

Post-COVID-19, 10-20% of individuals may experience long-term symptoms (some having cognitive deficits), even after mild or nonsymptomatic infection. A sufficiently sensitive screening test of cognitive function, based on the typical cognitive effects of COVID-19 and skills considered most relevant to pilot performance, would be highly beneficial to be used alongside other performance checks. This study aimed to identify appropriate screening tests for post-COVID-19 cognitive dysfunction. Initially, a systematic search and narrative review identified 13 screening tools that are likely to be effective in screening pilots for post-COVID-19 neurocognitive impairment. Following a more in-depth evaluation of the identified tools, five tests including the Trail Making Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Stroop Color Word Test, Psychomotor Vigilance Test, and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test were chosen for a Delphi evaluation exercise. A two-round modified Delphi process was undertaken with international aviation medicine and psychology experts to obtain a consensus on which of the identified tests would be appropriate to screen for cognitive dysfunction in pilots. Based on evaluation of literature review findings and Delphi consultation with subject matter experts, the Trail Making Test and Symbol Digit Modalities Test were identified as quick and suitable screening tests likely to detect post-COVID-19 cognitive dysfunction. These tools are objective, have good utility, are available in multiple versions, and assess cognitive abilities relevant to pilot performance. Their use for screening in aeromedical examinations would be further supported by confirming their ability to reliably detect neurocognitive impacts associated with COVID-19. Beka SG, Griffiths RF, Myers JA, Skirrow PM. Appropriate screening tests to assess post-COVID-19 cognitive dysfunction in aeromedical settings. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(5):414-424.