Indentation on a constrained electroactive gel
Electroactive gel (EAG), a smart material with tunable physical properties, has attracted increasingly more attention in various engineering fields. This paper presents the analytical solutions for the frictionless contact between a rigid spherical indenter and a block of constrained swollen EAG, wh...
Saved in:
| Published in | Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids Vol. 197; p. 106045 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Elsevier Ltd
01.04.2025
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0022-5096 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045 |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | Electroactive gel (EAG), a smart material with tunable physical properties, has attracted increasingly more attention in various engineering fields. This paper presents the analytical solutions for the frictionless contact between a rigid spherical indenter and a block of constrained swollen EAG, which is also subject to a transverse electric field. The classical JKR model is extended to involve the additional energy penalty accounting for surface tension in the equilibrium state. With the new results in surface Green's function established in advance for electromechanical orthotropic materials, typical indentation relations are derived in terms of elementary functions for electrically conducting and insulating cases, respectively. The whole analysis is performed based on the gel endowed with a Flory-Rehner energy density function to signify the feasibility of our method. The theoretical predictions are first verified by comparing to the finite element simulations, and then focus on the influences of biasing fields on the indentation relations and the geometric characteristics during contact, including the eccentricity, the pull-out force, and the relevant critical distance at beginning of separation. It is noteworthy that the disappearance of indentation force does not necessarily correspond to the initiation of surface instability for the orthotropic material, which may attribute to the absence of external Maxwell stress. A novel critical criterion with a more comprehensive form is proposed instead to not only cover the traditional perspective but also be applicable for more general cases. We believe that the contact model proposed here serves a theoretical base for the indentation-based characterization method of EAGs and a wide range of kindred functional soft materials. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Electroactive gel (EAG), a smart material with tunable physical properties, has attracted increasingly more attention in various engineering fields. This paper presents the analytical solutions for the frictionless contact between a rigid spherical indenter and a block of constrained swollen EAG, which is also subject to a transverse electric field. The classical JKR model is extended to involve the additional energy penalty accounting for surface tension in the equilibrium state. With the new results in surface Green's function established in advance for electromechanical orthotropic materials, typical indentation relations are derived in terms of elementary functions for electrically conducting and insulating cases, respectively. The whole analysis is performed based on the gel endowed with a Flory-Rehner energy density function to signify the feasibility of our method. The theoretical predictions are first verified by comparing to the finite element simulations, and then focus on the influences of biasing fields on the indentation relations and the geometric characteristics during contact, including the eccentricity, the pull-out force, and the relevant critical distance at beginning of separation. It is noteworthy that the disappearance of indentation force does not necessarily correspond to the initiation of surface instability for the orthotropic material, which may attribute to the absence of external Maxwell stress. A novel critical criterion with a more comprehensive form is proposed instead to not only cover the traditional perspective but also be applicable for more general cases. We believe that the contact model proposed here serves a theoretical base for the indentation-based characterization method of EAGs and a wide range of kindred functional soft materials. |
| ArticleNumber | 106045 |
| Author | Xia, Guozhan |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Guozhan orcidid: 0000-0002-4836-663X surname: Xia fullname: Xia, Guozhan email: xiagz@sustech.edu.cn organization: Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics and Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China |
| BookMark | eNp9j8tqwzAQRbVIIY_2B7ryD9gdSZbtQjcl9BEIZJO9kOVRkHGkIIlA_74y7rowcGHgXO7ZkpXzDgl5plBRoM3LWI3XW6wYMJEfDdRiRTYAjJUCXps12cY4AoCAlm5IdXADuqSS9a7IpwrtXUxBWYdDgRPqFLzSyd6xuOD0SB6MmiI-_eWOnD8_zvvv8nj6Ouzfj6VmgqZSmLoVquugbo3uKPRQ16AaM3AUHYJAThkVfUc59AZzasYN060xoHjf8B1hS60OPsaARt6CvarwIynIWVKOcpaUs6RcJDP0tkCYh90tBhm1RadxsCFryMHb__BftfVeJw |
| Cites_doi | 10.1007/s10853-021-06260-y 10.1126/science.218.4571.467 10.1016/S0022-2860(00)00564-0 10.1002/wnan.1568 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107834 10.1142/S1758825118500746 10.1039/C6SM01448H 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.07.007 10.1002/app.1994.070530109 10.1093/imamat/hxq022 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.09.035 10.1016/S1748-0132(06)70077-9 10.1002/adma.19910030209 10.1063/1.3370354 10.1039/C4SM02440K 10.1016/S0927-7757(01)00562-3 10.1016/j.jmps.2020.104275 10.1098/rspa.2003.1124 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.078103 10.1002/smll.202208156 10.1016/0022-5096(66)90036-6 10.1002/adfm.201100298 10.1002/app.12541 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.052 10.1007/s10409-012-0134-3 10.1088/1361-665X/aafa44 10.1016/j.jmps.2020.104067 10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.1636 10.1063/1.1750930 10.1557/JMR.2008.0185 10.1557/jmr.2009.0129 10.1016/j.jmps.2007.11.010 10.1038/s41427-018-0077-7 10.1016/j.mattod.2014.07.002 10.1179/1743284711Y.0000000127 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2021.103474 10.1063/1.2736862 10.1021/ma000253c 10.1038/ncomms3728 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.010 10.1021/acsami.7b01710 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108535 10.1088/0964-1726/25/12/125032 10.1016/j.jmps.2022.105089 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2008.06.005 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990829)73:9<1675::AID-APP8>3.0.CO;2-9 10.1063/1.1723621 10.1039/C7TC02201H 10.1557/jmr.2010.35 10.1093/qjmam/28.1.47 10.1002/polb.20613 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.02.023 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.04.022 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125201 10.1016/j.jmps.2021.104497 10.1016/j.jmps.2008.07.002 10.1016/j.jmps.2018.11.003 10.1515/crll.1882.92.156 10.1002/polb.1993.090310415 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1992_206_107_02 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.12.001 10.1021/acsami.8b04250 10.1021/cm049921p 10.1246/cl.1985.1285 10.1088/0964-1726/14/4/008 10.1063/1.5000736 10.1016/j.jmps.2010.01.005 10.1038/s41467-023-37178-5 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2025 Elsevier Ltd |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2025 Elsevier Ltd |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1016_j_jmps_2025_106045 S0022509625000213 |
| GroupedDBID | --K --M -~X .DC .~1 0R~ 1B1 1RT 1~. 1~5 29L 4.4 457 4G. 5GY 5VS 6TJ 7-5 71M 8P~ 9JN AACTN AAEDT AAEDW AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AAQXK AAXKI AAXUO ABFNM ABFSI ABJNI ABMAC ABWVN ABXDB ACDAQ ACGFS ACIWK ACNNM ACRLP ACRPL ADBBV ADEZE ADIYS ADMUD ADNMO ADTZH AEBSH AECPX AEIPS AEKER AENEX AFJKZ AFTJW AGHFR AGUBO AGYEJ AHHHB AHJVU AI. AIEXJ AIKHN AITUG AKRWK ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMRAJ ANKPU ASPBG AVWKF AXJTR AZFZN BBWZM BJAXD BKOJK BLXMC CS3 DU5 E.L EBS EFJIC EJD EO8 EO9 EP2 EP3 F5P FDB FEDTE FGOYB FIRID FNPLU FYGXN G-2 G-Q GBLVA HMV HVGLF HZ~ H~9 IHE J1W JJJVA KOM LY7 M24 M38 M41 MO0 N9A NDZJH O-L O9- OAUVE OZT P-8 P-9 P2P PC. Q38 R2- RIG RNS ROL RPZ SDF SDG SDP SES SET SEW SMS SPC SPCBC SPD SPG SST SSZ T5K VH1 WUQ XPP YQT ZMT ~02 ~G- AATTM AAYWO AAYXX ACVFH ADCNI AEUPX AFPUW AFXIZ AGCQF AGQPQ AGRNS AIGII AIIUN AKBMS AKYEP APXCP BNPGV CITATION SSH |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c251t-5f475a88047fc810b0440a6fd3e58e05e31215b8130bfeb81c23f2c7ff0a3b63 |
| IEDL.DBID | .~1 |
| ISSN | 0022-5096 |
| IngestDate | Sun Jul 06 05:03:39 EDT 2025 Sat Mar 01 15:46:39 EST 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Electroactive gel Surface tension Indentation Adhesion Surface instability |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c251t-5f475a88047fc810b0440a6fd3e58e05e31215b8130bfeb81c23f2c7ff0a3b63 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4836-663X |
| ParticipantIDs | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jmps_2025_106045 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_jmps_2025_106045 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | April 2025 2025-04-00 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2025-04-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 04 year: 2025 text: April 2025 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids |
| PublicationYear | 2025 |
| Publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd |
| References | He, Zhong, Sun, Zhang, Zhao, Shi, Liu, Zhao, Lu, Ye, Wang, Li, Xiang, Zhao, Xie (bib0024) 2023; 113 Voltairas, Fotiadis, Massalas (bib0065) 2003; 459 Zrínyi, Fehér, Filipcsei (bib0077) 2000; 33 Li, Liu, Liu, Liang (bib0044) 2022; 256 Kim, Kim, Park, Kim, Lee, Lee, Kim (bib0040) 2005; 14 Shi, Yang, Lu, Jia, Xiao, Lu, Wang, Wei, Tan, Ding (bib0060) 2018; 10 Zheng, Hu, Cai (bib0076) 2019; 124 Ding, Jing, Yang, Machnicki, Fu, Li, Wong, Chen (bib0005) 2020; 8 Dorfmann, Ogden (bib0007) 2010; 48 Li, Chang, Asaka, Chen, Li (bib0043) 2016; 25 Zhang, Qian, Chen (bib0074) 2012; 28 Delavoipière, Tran, Verneuil, Chateauminois (bib0004) 2016; 12 Dorfmann, Ogden (bib0006) 2010; 75 Eringen (bib0010) 1962 Otake, Kagami, Ishikawa, Inaba, Inoue (bib0056) 2001 Gao, Chen, Zhang, Zhao, Jia, Da, Gao, Xi, Ding (bib0018) 2023; 19 Huang, Zhang, Liu, Ding, Guo (bib0033) 2023; 14 Style, Hyland, Boltyanskiy, Wettlaufer, Dufresne (bib0061) 2013; 4 Fehér, Filipcsei, Szalma, Zrı́nyi (bib0012) 2001; 183-185 Liu, VanLandingham, Ovaert (bib0047) 2009; 2 Gladwell (bib0019) 1980 Osada, Hasebe (bib0054) 1985; 14 Wallace, Chaise, Nelias (bib0066) 2020; 143 Hong, Zhao, Suo (bib0029) 2010; 58 Hong, Zhao, Zhou, Suo (bib0030) 2008; 56 Tanaka, Fillmore, Sun, Nishio, Swislow, Shah (bib0062) 1980; 45 Ebenstein, Pruitt (bib0009) 2006; 1 Liu, Liu, Shi, Liang (bib0049) 2021; 56 Osada (bib0053) 1991; 3 Flory (bib0015) 1953 Xia, Huang, Su, Chen (bib0070) 2020; 207 Hui, Lin, Chuang, Shull, Lin (bib0035) 2006; 44 Zhao, Hong, Suo (bib0075) 2008; 45 Hu, Chen, Whitesides, Vlassak, Suo (bib0031) 2011; 26 He (bib0023) 2008; 56 Lu, Zhang, Ma (bib0050) 2019; 11 Dyson, Evans, Snidle (bib0008) 1992; 206 He, Yang, Jiang (bib0025) 2022; 169 Beatty, Usmani (bib0002) 1975; 28 Filipcsei, Fehér, Zrı́nyi (bib0013) 2000; 554 Kim, Shin, Lee, Jeong (bib0042) 1999; 73 Pan, Chen (bib0057) 2015 Imdad, Li, Chen, Jiao, Mohammad, Yang, Li, Mohini (bib0036) 2019; 103 Kim, Park, Min, Lee, Hwang, Hong, Kim, Kim, Koo (bib0039) 2011; 21 Peng, Li, Feng, Gao (bib0058) 2021; 148 Yang, Liu, Chen, Shi, Zhang, Ju, Wang, Xie, Chu (bib0072) 2017; 9 Yuk, Lee (bib0073) 1993; 31 Liu, Zhang, Chow, Chen, Li (bib0048) 2012; 108 Walley (bib0067) 2012; 28 Esteki, Alemrajabi, Hall, Sheridan, Azadi, Moeendarbary (bib0011) 2020; 102 Hertz (bib0026) 1882; 92 Hu, Zhao, Vlassak, Suo (bib0032) 2010; 96 Willis (bib0068) 1966; 14 Lin, Hu (bib0046) 2006; 352 Azzez, Chaabane, Abellan, Bergheau, Zahouani, Dogui (bib0001) 2018; 10 Moschou, Peteu, Bachas, Madou, Daunert (bib0052) 2004; 16 Toupin (bib0064) 1956; 5 Xia, Hong, Chen (bib0069) 2023; 238 Kim, Shin, Lee, Lee, Kim (bib0041) 2003; 90 Bonilla, Stokes, Gidley, Yakubov (bib0003) 2015; 11 Flory (bib0014) 1942; 10 Racles, Dascalu, Bele, Tiron, Asandulesa, Tugui, Vasiliu, Cazacu (bib0059) 2017; 5 Tanaka, Nishio, Sun, Ueno-Nishio (bib0063) 1982; 218 Guiseppi-Elie (bib0020) 2010; 31 Huggins (bib0034) 1941; 9 Li, Luo, Birgersson, Lam (bib0045) 2007; 101 Han, Farino, Yang, Scott, Browe, Choi, Freeman, Lee (bib0022) 2018; 10 Maugis (bib0051) 2000 Osmani, Seifi, Park, Leung, Töpper, Müller (bib0055) 2017; 111 Ionov (bib0037) 2014; 17 Fregonese, Bacca (bib0016) 2021; 154 Kaufman, Miller, Morgan, Klapperich (bib0038) 2008; 23 Hong, Liu, Suo (bib0028) 2009; 46 Guo, Shi, Yang, Wang, Yang, Qu, Lu (bib0021) 2019; 28 Galli, Comley (bib0017) 2009; 24 Hirai, Nemoto, Hirai, Hayashi (bib0027) 1994; 53 Xia, Su, Chen (bib0071) 2021; 162 Liu (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0048) 2012; 108 Huang (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0033) 2023; 14 Lin (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0046) 2006; 352 Style (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0061) 2013; 4 Maugis (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0051) 2000 Yang (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0072) 2017; 9 Walley (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0067) 2012; 28 Gladwell (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0019) 1980 Hong (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0029) 2010; 58 Kim (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0042) 1999; 73 Peng (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0058) 2021; 148 Hu (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0031) 2011; 26 Voltairas (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0065) 2003; 459 He (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0025) 2022; 169 Zheng (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0076) 2019; 124 Moschou (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0052) 2004; 16 Osada (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0054) 1985; 14 Pan (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0057) 2015 Shi (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0060) 2018; 10 Xia (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0069) 2023; 238 Hertz (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0026) 1882; 92 Flory (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0015) 1953 Azzez (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0001) 2018; 10 Hong (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0028) 2009; 46 Willis (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0068) 1966; 14 Li (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0045) 2007; 101 Toupin (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0064) 1956; 5 Guo (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0021) 2019; 28 Bonilla (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0003) 2015; 11 Osmani (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0055) 2017; 111 Dorfmann (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0007) 2010; 48 Hong (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0030) 2008; 56 Kim (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0039) 2011; 21 Liu (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0047) 2009; 2 Otake (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0056) 2001 Zrínyi (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0077) 2000; 33 Li (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0044) 2022; 256 Kim (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0041) 2003; 90 Wallace (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0066) 2020; 143 Hui (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0035) 2006; 44 Kaufman (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0038) 2008; 23 Kim (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0040) 2005; 14 Osada (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0053) 1991; 3 Tanaka (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0062) 1980; 45 Gao (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0018) 2023; 19 Han (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0022) 2018; 10 Hirai (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0027) 1994; 53 Xia (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0070) 2020; 207 Imdad (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0036) 2019; 103 Tanaka (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0063) 1982; 218 Ionov (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0037) 2014; 17 Eringen (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0010) 1962 Zhang (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0074) 2012; 28 Hu (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0032) 2010; 96 Liu (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0049) 2021; 56 Delavoipière (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0004) 2016; 12 Racles (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0059) 2017; 5 Filipcsei (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0013) 2000; 554 Yuk (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0073) 1993; 31 Zhao (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0075) 2008; 45 Fregonese (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0016) 2021; 154 Lu (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0050) 2019; 11 Huggins (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0034) 1941; 9 Dorfmann (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0006) 2010; 75 Guiseppi-Elie (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0020) 2010; 31 He (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0023) 2008; 56 Li (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0043) 2016; 25 Dyson (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0008) 1992; 206 Flory (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0014) 1942; 10 Ebenstein (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0009) 2006; 1 Fehér (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0012) 2001; 183-185 Ding (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0005) 2020; 8 Beatty (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0002) 1975; 28 Xia (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0071) 2021; 162 Galli (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0017) 2009; 24 He (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0024) 2023; 113 Esteki (10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0011) 2020; 102 |
| References_xml | – volume: 554 start-page: 109 year: 2000 end-page: 117 ident: bib0013 article-title: Electric field sensitive neutral polymer gels publication-title: J. Mol. Struct. – volume: 19 year: 2023 ident: bib0018 article-title: Phase-separated dielectric gels based on christiansen effect publication-title: Small – year: 1953 ident: bib0015 article-title: Principles of Polymer Chemistry – volume: 207 start-page: 206 year: 2020 end-page: 229 ident: bib0070 article-title: Exact axisymmetric adhesive contact analysis for a pre-deformed soft electroactive half-space publication-title: Int. J. Solids Struct. – volume: 5 start-page: 849 year: 1956 end-page: 915 ident: bib0064 article-title: The elastic dielectric publication-title: J. Ration. Mech. Anal. – volume: 21 start-page: 3242 year: 2011 end-page: 3249 ident: bib0039 article-title: Electric actuation of nanostructured thermoplastic elastomer gels with ultralarge electrostriction coefficients publication-title: Adv. Funct. Mater. – volume: 92 start-page: 156 year: 1882 end-page: 171 ident: bib0026 article-title: Ueber die Berührung fester Elastischer Körper publication-title: J. Reine Angew. Math. – volume: 143 year: 2020 ident: bib0066 article-title: Three-dimensional rolling/sliding contact on a viscoelastic layered half-space publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids – volume: 58 start-page: 558 year: 2010 end-page: 577 ident: bib0029 article-title: Large deformation and electrochemistry of polyelectrolyte gels publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids – volume: 108 year: 2012 ident: bib0048 article-title: Biological ferroelectricity uncovered in aortic walls by piezoresponse force microscopy publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. – volume: 28 start-page: 1028 year: 2012 end-page: 1044 ident: bib0067 article-title: Historical origins of indentation hardness testing publication-title: Mater. Sci. Technol. – volume: 96 year: 2010 ident: bib0032 article-title: Using indentation to characterize the poroelasticity of gels publication-title: Appl. Phys. Lett. – volume: 14 start-page: 511 year: 2005 ident: bib0040 article-title: Behavior in electric fields of smart hydrogels with potential application as bio-inspired actuators publication-title: Smart Mater. Struct. – volume: 4 start-page: 2728 year: 2013 ident: bib0061 article-title: Surface tension and contact with soft elastic solids publication-title: Nat. Commun. – volume: 113 year: 2023 ident: bib0024 article-title: Highly stretchable, repeatable, and easy-to-prepare ionogel based on polyvinyl chloride for wearable strain sensors publication-title: Nano Energy – volume: 154 year: 2021 ident: bib0016 article-title: Piercing soft solids: a mechanical theory for needle insertion publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids – volume: 12 start-page: 8049 year: 2016 end-page: 8058 ident: bib0004 article-title: Poroelastic indentation of mechanically confined hydrogel layers publication-title: Soft Matter – volume: 24 start-page: 973 year: 2009 end-page: 979 ident: bib0017 article-title: Viscoelastic and poroelastic mechanical characterization of hydrated gels publication-title: J. Mater. Res. – volume: 14 start-page: 163 year: 1966 end-page: 176 ident: bib0068 article-title: Hertzian contact of anisotropic bodies publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids – volume: 16 start-page: 2499 year: 2004 end-page: 2502 ident: bib0052 article-title: Artificial muscle material with fast electroactuation under neutral pH conditions publication-title: Chem. Mater. – volume: 14 start-page: 1285 year: 1985 end-page: 1288 ident: bib0054 article-title: Electrically activated mechanochemical devices using polyelectrolyte gels publication-title: Chem. Lett. – volume: 9 start-page: 15758 year: 2017 end-page: 15767 ident: bib0072 article-title: Reduced graphene oxide-containing smart hydrogels with excellent electro-response and mechanical properties for soft actuators publication-title: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces – volume: 53 start-page: 79 year: 1994 end-page: 84 ident: bib0027 article-title: Electrostriction of highly swollen polymer gel: possible application for gel actuator publication-title: J. Appl. Polym. Sci. – year: 2000 ident: bib0051 article-title: Contact, Adhesion and Rupture of Elastic Solids – volume: 33 start-page: 5751 year: 2000 end-page: 5753 ident: bib0077 article-title: Novel gel actuator containing TiO2 particles operated under static electric field publication-title: Macromolecules – volume: 11 start-page: e1568 year: 2019 ident: bib0050 article-title: Electroconductive hydrogels for biomedical applications publication-title: Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. – volume: 459 start-page: 2121 year: 2003 end-page: 2130 ident: bib0065 article-title: A theoretical study of the hyperelasticity of electro-gels publication-title: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A – volume: 1 start-page: 26 year: 2006 end-page: 33 ident: bib0009 article-title: Nanoindentation of biological materials publication-title: Nano Today – volume: 169 year: 2022 ident: bib0025 article-title: Modeling interfacial instability patterns during debonding a rigid spherical indenter from thin elastic films publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids – volume: 10 start-page: 51 year: 1942 end-page: 61 ident: bib0014 article-title: Thermodynamics of high polymer solutions publication-title: J. Chem. Phys. – volume: 103 year: 2019 ident: bib0036 article-title: A review of electro-stimulated gels and their applications: Present state and future perspectives publication-title: Mater. Sci. Eng. C – volume: 17 start-page: 494 year: 2014 end-page: 503 ident: bib0037 article-title: Hydrogel-based actuators: possibilities and limitations publication-title: Mater. Today – volume: 9 year: 1941 ident: bib0034 article-title: Solutions of Long Chain Compounds publication-title: J. Chem. Phys. – volume: 14 start-page: 1483 year: 2023 ident: bib0033 article-title: Polyvinyl chloride-based dielectric elastomer with high permittivity and low viscoelasticity for actuation and sensing publication-title: Nat. Commun. – volume: 56 start-page: 1779 year: 2008 end-page: 1793 ident: bib0030 article-title: A theory of coupled diffusion and large deformation in polymeric gels publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids – volume: 31 start-page: 2701 year: 2010 end-page: 2716 ident: bib0020 article-title: Electroconductive hydrogels: Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications publication-title: Biomater – volume: 26 start-page: 785 year: 2011 end-page: 795 ident: bib0031 article-title: Indentation of polydimethylsiloxane submerged in organic solvents publication-title: J. Mater. Res. – volume: 31 start-page: 487 year: 1993 end-page: 489 ident: bib0073 article-title: Electric-current-sensitive polymers. Reversible bending of rod-shaped acrylamide gel in naci solution publication-title: J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. – volume: 46 start-page: 3282 year: 2009 end-page: 3289 ident: bib0028 article-title: Inhomogeneous swelling of a gel in equilibrium with a solvent and mechanical load publication-title: Int. J. Solids Struct. – volume: 90 start-page: 91 year: 2003 end-page: 96 ident: bib0041 article-title: Electrical response characterization of chitosan/polyacrylonitrile hydrogel in NaCl solutions publication-title: J. Appl. Polym. Sci. – volume: 5 start-page: 6997 year: 2017 end-page: 7010 ident: bib0059 article-title: All-silicone elastic composites with counter-intuitive piezoelectric response, designed for electromechanical applications publication-title: J. Mater. Chem. C – year: 1962 ident: bib0010 article-title: Nonlinear Theory of Continuous Media – year: 1980 ident: bib0019 article-title: Contact Problems in the Classical Theory of Elasticity – volume: 23 start-page: 1472 year: 2008 end-page: 1481 ident: bib0038 article-title: Time-dependent mechanical characterization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels using nanoindentation and unconfined compression publication-title: J. Mater. Res. – volume: 148 year: 2021 ident: bib0058 article-title: Effect of shear stress on adhesive contact with a generalized Maugis-Dugdale cohesive zone model publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids – volume: 162 year: 2021 ident: bib0071 article-title: Instability of compressible soft electroactive plates publication-title: Int. J. Eng. Sci. – volume: 56 start-page: 2957 year: 2008 end-page: 2971 ident: bib0023 article-title: Elastic interaction between force dipoles on a stretchable substrate publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids – volume: 101 year: 2007 ident: bib0045 article-title: Modeling of multiphase smart hydrogels responding to pH and electric voltage coupled stimuli publication-title: J. Appl. Phys. – volume: 102 start-page: 138 year: 2020 end-page: 148 ident: bib0011 article-title: A new framework for characterization of poroelastic materials using indentation publication-title: Acta Biomater – volume: 183-185 start-page: 505 year: 2001 end-page: 515 ident: bib0012 article-title: Bending deformation of neutral polymer gels induced by electric fields publication-title: Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. – volume: 3 start-page: 107 year: 1991 end-page: 108 ident: bib0053 article-title: Chemical valves and gel actuators publication-title: Adv. Mater. – volume: 73 start-page: 1675 year: 1999 end-page: 1683 ident: bib0042 article-title: Properties of electroresponsive poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) IPN hydrogels under an electric stimulus publication-title: J. Appl. Polym. Sci. – volume: 10 year: 2018 ident: bib0001 article-title: Relevance of indentation test to characterize soft biological tissue: application to human skin publication-title: Int. J. Appl. Mech. – volume: 28 start-page: 1133 year: 2012 end-page: 1142 ident: bib0074 article-title: Indentation of a compressible soft electroactive half-space: some theoretical aspects publication-title: Acta Mech. Sin. PRC – volume: 25 year: 2016 ident: bib0043 article-title: A multi-physical model of actuation response in dielectric gels publication-title: Smart Mater. Struct. – volume: 56 start-page: 14943 year: 2021 end-page: 14963 ident: bib0049 article-title: Electroactive dielectric polymer gels as new-generation soft actuators: a review publication-title: J. Mater. Sci. – volume: 45 start-page: 4021 year: 2008 end-page: 4031 ident: bib0075 article-title: Stretching and polarizing a dielectric gel immersed in a solvent publication-title: Int. J. Solids Struct. – volume: 28 year: 2019 ident: bib0021 article-title: Highly stretchable and transparent dielectric gels for high sensitivity tactile sensors publication-title: Smart Mater. Struct. – volume: 111 year: 2017 ident: bib0055 article-title: Nanomechanical probing of thin-film dielectric elastomer transducers publication-title: Appl. Phys. Lett. – volume: 218 start-page: 467 year: 1982 ident: bib0063 article-title: Collapse of gels in an electric field publication-title: Science – volume: 206 start-page: 139 year: 1992 end-page: 141 ident: bib0008 article-title: A simple, accurate method for calculation of stresses and deformations in elliptical Hertzian contacts publication-title: Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. C – start-page: 194 year: 2001 end-page: 202 ident: bib0056 article-title: Shape design of gel robots made of electroactive polymer gel publication-title: SPIE Micro + Nano Materials, Devices, and Applications – volume: 48 start-page: 1 year: 2010 end-page: 14 ident: bib0007 article-title: Nonlinear electroelastostatics: Incremental equations and stability publication-title: Int. J. Eng. Sci. – volume: 124 start-page: 427 year: 2019 end-page: 445 ident: bib0076 article-title: Contact mechanics of a gel under constrained swelling publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids – volume: 44 start-page: 359 year: 2006 end-page: 370 ident: bib0035 article-title: A contact mechanics method for characterizing the elastic properties and permeability of gels publication-title: J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. – volume: 238 year: 2023 ident: bib0069 article-title: Indentation of pre-deformed compressible soft electroactive layer on substrate publication-title: Int. J. Mech. Sci. – volume: 28 start-page: 47 year: 1975 end-page: 62 ident: bib0002 article-title: On the indentation of a highly elastic half-space publication-title: Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. – volume: 45 start-page: 1636 year: 1980 end-page: 1639 ident: bib0062 article-title: Phase Transitions in Ionic Gels publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. – volume: 352 start-page: 4034 year: 2006 end-page: 4040 ident: bib0046 article-title: Load relaxation of a flat rigid circular indenter on a gel half space publication-title: J. Non-Cryst. Solids – year: 2015 ident: bib0057 article-title: Static Green's Functions in Anisotropic Media – volume: 256 year: 2022 ident: bib0044 article-title: Synergistic and counteractive effects of Bi-component plasticizers on structure and electric field-induced bending actuation behaviors of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) gels publication-title: Polymer – volume: 10 start-page: 17512 year: 2018 end-page: 17518 ident: bib0022 article-title: Soft robotic manipulation and locomotion with a 3D printed electroactive hydrogel publication-title: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces – volume: 10 start-page: 821 year: 2018 end-page: 826 ident: bib0060 article-title: Dielectric gels with ultra-high dielectric constant, low elastic modulus, and excellent transparency publication-title: NPG Asia Mater. – volume: 11 start-page: 1281 year: 2015 end-page: 1292 ident: bib0003 article-title: Interpreting atomic force microscopy nanoindentation of hierarchical biological materials using multi-regime analysis publication-title: Soft Matter – volume: 2 start-page: 355 year: 2009 end-page: 363 ident: bib0047 article-title: Mechanical characterization of soft viscoelastic gels via indentation and optimization-based inverse finite element analysis publication-title: J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. – volume: 8 year: 2020 ident: bib0005 article-title: Multifunctional soft machines based on stimuli-responsive hydrogels: from freestanding hydrogels to smart integrated systems publication-title: Mater. Today Adv. – volume: 75 start-page: 603 year: 2010 end-page: 636 ident: bib0006 article-title: Electroelastic waves in a finitely deformed electroactive material publication-title: IMA J. Appl. Math. – volume: 56 start-page: 14943 issue: 27 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0049 article-title: Electroactive dielectric polymer gels as new-generation soft actuators: a review publication-title: J. Mater. Sci. doi: 10.1007/s10853-021-06260-y – volume: 218 start-page: 467 issue: 4571 year: 1982 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0063 article-title: Collapse of gels in an electric field publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.218.4571.467 – volume: 554 start-page: 109 issue: 1 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0013 article-title: Electric field sensitive neutral polymer gels publication-title: J. Mol. Struct. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2860(00)00564-0 – volume: 11 start-page: e1568 issue: 6 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0050 article-title: Electroconductive hydrogels for biomedical applications publication-title: Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1568 – volume: 238 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0069 article-title: Indentation of pre-deformed compressible soft electroactive layer on substrate publication-title: Int. J. Mech. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107834 – year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0057 – volume: 10 issue: 7 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0001 article-title: Relevance of indentation test to characterize soft biological tissue: application to human skin publication-title: Int. J. Appl. Mech. doi: 10.1142/S1758825118500746 – volume: 12 start-page: 8049 issue: 38 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0004 article-title: Poroelastic indentation of mechanically confined hydrogel layers publication-title: Soft Matter doi: 10.1039/C6SM01448H – volume: 352 start-page: 4034 issue: 38–39 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0046 article-title: Load relaxation of a flat rigid circular indenter on a gel half space publication-title: J. Non-Cryst. Solids doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.07.007 – volume: 53 start-page: 79 issue: 1 year: 1994 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0027 article-title: Electrostriction of highly swollen polymer gel: possible application for gel actuator publication-title: J. Appl. Polym. Sci. doi: 10.1002/app.1994.070530109 – volume: 75 start-page: 603 issue: 4 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0006 article-title: Electroelastic waves in a finitely deformed electroactive material publication-title: IMA J. Appl. Math. doi: 10.1093/imamat/hxq022 – year: 1962 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0010 – volume: 207 start-page: 206 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0070 article-title: Exact axisymmetric adhesive contact analysis for a pre-deformed soft electroactive half-space publication-title: Int. J. Solids Struct. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2020.09.035 – volume: 1 start-page: 26 issue: 3 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0009 article-title: Nanoindentation of biological materials publication-title: Nano Today doi: 10.1016/S1748-0132(06)70077-9 – volume: 3 start-page: 107 issue: 2 year: 1991 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0053 article-title: Chemical valves and gel actuators publication-title: Adv. Mater. doi: 10.1002/adma.19910030209 – volume: 96 issue: 12 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0032 article-title: Using indentation to characterize the poroelasticity of gels publication-title: Appl. Phys. Lett. doi: 10.1063/1.3370354 – volume: 11 start-page: 1281 issue: 7 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0003 article-title: Interpreting atomic force microscopy nanoindentation of hierarchical biological materials using multi-regime analysis publication-title: Soft Matter doi: 10.1039/C4SM02440K – volume: 183-185 start-page: 505 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0012 article-title: Bending deformation of neutral polymer gels induced by electric fields publication-title: Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. doi: 10.1016/S0927-7757(01)00562-3 – volume: 148 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0058 article-title: Effect of shear stress on adhesive contact with a generalized Maugis-Dugdale cohesive zone model publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2020.104275 – volume: 459 start-page: 2121 issue: 2037 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0065 article-title: A theoretical study of the hyperelasticity of electro-gels publication-title: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A doi: 10.1098/rspa.2003.1124 – volume: 108 issue: 7 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0048 article-title: Biological ferroelectricity uncovered in aortic walls by piezoresponse force microscopy publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.078103 – volume: 19 issue: 22 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0018 article-title: Phase-separated dielectric gels based on christiansen effect publication-title: Small doi: 10.1002/smll.202208156 – volume: 14 start-page: 163 issue: 3 year: 1966 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0068 article-title: Hertzian contact of anisotropic bodies publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids doi: 10.1016/0022-5096(66)90036-6 – volume: 21 start-page: 3242 issue: 17 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0039 article-title: Electric actuation of nanostructured thermoplastic elastomer gels with ultralarge electrostriction coefficients publication-title: Adv. Funct. Mater. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201100298 – volume: 90 start-page: 91 issue: 1 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0041 article-title: Electrical response characterization of chitosan/polyacrylonitrile hydrogel in NaCl solutions publication-title: J. Appl. Polym. Sci. doi: 10.1002/app.12541 – volume: 31 start-page: 2701 issue: 10 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0020 article-title: Electroconductive hydrogels: Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications publication-title: Biomater doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.052 – year: 1980 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0019 – volume: 28 start-page: 1133 issue: 4 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0074 article-title: Indentation of a compressible soft electroactive half-space: some theoretical aspects publication-title: Acta Mech. Sin. PRC doi: 10.1007/s10409-012-0134-3 – volume: 28 issue: 2 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0021 article-title: Highly stretchable and transparent dielectric gels for high sensitivity tactile sensors publication-title: Smart Mater. Struct. doi: 10.1088/1361-665X/aafa44 – volume: 143 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0066 article-title: Three-dimensional rolling/sliding contact on a viscoelastic layered half-space publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2020.104067 – volume: 45 start-page: 1636 issue: 20 year: 1980 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0062 article-title: Phase Transitions in Ionic Gels publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.1636 – volume: 9 issue: 5 year: 1941 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0034 article-title: Solutions of Long Chain Compounds publication-title: J. Chem. Phys. doi: 10.1063/1.1750930 – year: 1953 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0015 – volume: 23 start-page: 1472 issue: 5 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0038 article-title: Time-dependent mechanical characterization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels using nanoindentation and unconfined compression publication-title: J. Mater. Res. doi: 10.1557/JMR.2008.0185 – volume: 24 start-page: 973 issue: 3 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0017 article-title: Viscoelastic and poroelastic mechanical characterization of hydrated gels publication-title: J. Mater. Res. doi: 10.1557/jmr.2009.0129 – volume: 56 start-page: 1779 issue: 5 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0030 article-title: A theory of coupled diffusion and large deformation in polymeric gels publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2007.11.010 – volume: 10 start-page: 821 issue: 8 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0060 article-title: Dielectric gels with ultra-high dielectric constant, low elastic modulus, and excellent transparency publication-title: NPG Asia Mater. doi: 10.1038/s41427-018-0077-7 – volume: 17 start-page: 494 issue: 10 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0037 article-title: Hydrogel-based actuators: possibilities and limitations publication-title: Mater. Today doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2014.07.002 – start-page: 194 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0056 article-title: Shape design of gel robots made of electroactive polymer gel – volume: 28 start-page: 1028 issue: 9-10 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0067 article-title: Historical origins of indentation hardness testing publication-title: Mater. Sci. Technol. doi: 10.1179/1743284711Y.0000000127 – volume: 162 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0071 article-title: Instability of compressible soft electroactive plates publication-title: Int. J. Eng. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2021.103474 – volume: 101 issue: 11 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0045 article-title: Modeling of multiphase smart hydrogels responding to pH and electric voltage coupled stimuli publication-title: J. Appl. Phys. doi: 10.1063/1.2736862 – year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0051 – volume: 33 start-page: 5751 issue: 16 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0077 article-title: Novel gel actuator containing TiO2 particles operated under static electric field publication-title: Macromolecules doi: 10.1021/ma000253c – volume: 4 start-page: 2728 issue: 1 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0061 article-title: Surface tension and contact with soft elastic solids publication-title: Nat. Commun. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3728 – volume: 103 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0036 article-title: A review of electro-stimulated gels and their applications: Present state and future perspectives publication-title: Mater. Sci. Eng. C – volume: 102 start-page: 138 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0011 article-title: A new framework for characterization of poroelastic materials using indentation publication-title: Acta Biomater doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.010 – volume: 9 start-page: 15758 issue: 18 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0072 article-title: Reduced graphene oxide-containing smart hydrogels with excellent electro-response and mechanical properties for soft actuators publication-title: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b01710 – volume: 113 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0024 article-title: Highly stretchable, repeatable, and easy-to-prepare ionogel based on polyvinyl chloride for wearable strain sensors publication-title: Nano Energy doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108535 – volume: 25 issue: 12 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0043 article-title: A multi-physical model of actuation response in dielectric gels publication-title: Smart Mater. Struct. doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/25/12/125032 – volume: 169 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0025 article-title: Modeling interfacial instability patterns during debonding a rigid spherical indenter from thin elastic films publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2022.105089 – volume: 48 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0007 article-title: Nonlinear electroelastostatics: Incremental equations and stability publication-title: Int. J. Eng. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2008.06.005 – volume: 5 start-page: 849 issue: 6 year: 1956 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0064 article-title: The elastic dielectric publication-title: J. Ration. Mech. Anal. – volume: 73 start-page: 1675 issue: 9 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0042 article-title: Properties of electroresponsive poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) IPN hydrogels under an electric stimulus publication-title: J. Appl. Polym. Sci. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990829)73:9<1675::AID-APP8>3.0.CO;2-9 – volume: 10 start-page: 51 issue: 1 year: 1942 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0014 article-title: Thermodynamics of high polymer solutions publication-title: J. Chem. Phys. doi: 10.1063/1.1723621 – volume: 5 start-page: 6997 issue: 28 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0059 article-title: All-silicone elastic composites with counter-intuitive piezoelectric response, designed for electromechanical applications publication-title: J. Mater. Chem. C doi: 10.1039/C7TC02201H – volume: 8 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0005 article-title: Multifunctional soft machines based on stimuli-responsive hydrogels: from freestanding hydrogels to smart integrated systems publication-title: Mater. Today Adv. – volume: 26 start-page: 785 issue: 6 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0031 article-title: Indentation of polydimethylsiloxane submerged in organic solvents publication-title: J. Mater. Res. doi: 10.1557/jmr.2010.35 – volume: 28 start-page: 47 issue: 1 year: 1975 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0002 article-title: On the indentation of a highly elastic half-space publication-title: Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. doi: 10.1093/qjmam/28.1.47 – volume: 44 start-page: 359 issue: 2 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0035 article-title: A contact mechanics method for characterizing the elastic properties and permeability of gels publication-title: J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. doi: 10.1002/polb.20613 – volume: 45 start-page: 4021 issue: 14 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0075 article-title: Stretching and polarizing a dielectric gel immersed in a solvent publication-title: Int. J. Solids Struct. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.02.023 – volume: 46 start-page: 3282 issue: 17 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0028 article-title: Inhomogeneous swelling of a gel in equilibrium with a solvent and mechanical load publication-title: Int. J. Solids Struct. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.04.022 – volume: 256 year: 2022 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0044 article-title: Synergistic and counteractive effects of Bi-component plasticizers on structure and electric field-induced bending actuation behaviors of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) gels publication-title: Polymer doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125201 – volume: 154 year: 2021 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0016 article-title: Piercing soft solids: a mechanical theory for needle insertion publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2021.104497 – volume: 56 start-page: 2957 issue: 10 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0023 article-title: Elastic interaction between force dipoles on a stretchable substrate publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2008.07.002 – volume: 124 start-page: 427 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0076 article-title: Contact mechanics of a gel under constrained swelling publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2018.11.003 – volume: 92 start-page: 156 year: 1882 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0026 article-title: Ueber die Berührung fester Elastischer Körper publication-title: J. Reine Angew. Math. doi: 10.1515/crll.1882.92.156 – volume: 31 start-page: 487 issue: 4 year: 1993 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0073 article-title: Electric-current-sensitive polymers. Reversible bending of rod-shaped acrylamide gel in naci solution publication-title: J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. doi: 10.1002/polb.1993.090310415 – volume: 206 start-page: 139 issue: 2 year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0008 article-title: A simple, accurate method for calculation of stresses and deformations in elliptical Hertzian contacts publication-title: Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. C doi: 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1992_206_107_02 – volume: 2 start-page: 355 issue: 4 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0047 article-title: Mechanical characterization of soft viscoelastic gels via indentation and optimization-based inverse finite element analysis publication-title: J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.12.001 – volume: 10 start-page: 17512 issue: 21 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0022 article-title: Soft robotic manipulation and locomotion with a 3D printed electroactive hydrogel publication-title: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b04250 – volume: 16 start-page: 2499 issue: 12 year: 2004 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0052 article-title: Artificial muscle material with fast electroactuation under neutral pH conditions publication-title: Chem. Mater. doi: 10.1021/cm049921p – volume: 14 start-page: 1285 issue: 9 year: 1985 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0054 article-title: Electrically activated mechanochemical devices using polyelectrolyte gels publication-title: Chem. Lett. doi: 10.1246/cl.1985.1285 – volume: 14 start-page: 511 issue: 4 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0040 article-title: Behavior in electric fields of smart hydrogels with potential application as bio-inspired actuators publication-title: Smart Mater. Struct. doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/14/4/008 – volume: 111 issue: 9 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0055 article-title: Nanomechanical probing of thin-film dielectric elastomer transducers publication-title: Appl. Phys. Lett. doi: 10.1063/1.5000736 – volume: 58 start-page: 558 issue: 4 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0029 article-title: Large deformation and electrochemistry of polyelectrolyte gels publication-title: J. Mech. Phys. Solids doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2010.01.005 – volume: 14 start-page: 1483 issue: 1 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045_bib0033 article-title: Polyvinyl chloride-based dielectric elastomer with high permittivity and low viscoelasticity for actuation and sensing publication-title: Nat. Commun. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37178-5 |
| SSID | ssj0005071 |
| Score | 2.4758768 |
| Snippet | Electroactive gel (EAG), a smart material with tunable physical properties, has attracted increasingly more attention in various engineering fields. This paper... |
| SourceID | crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 106045 |
| SubjectTerms | Adhesion Electroactive gel Indentation Surface instability Surface tension |
| Title | Indentation on a constrained electroactive gel |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106045 |
| Volume | 197 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LS8NAEB5KvehBfGJ9lBy8SdrNbjePYymWVrGnCr2F3e2utGgtEq_-dmeyG6ggHoRAyJKF7DebmQmZ-T6A28SlCgO3iHOd4weKy2ysTcbiZcEELzLLVd1f8TRLJ8-Dh4VctGDU9MJQWWXw_d6n1946jPQDmv3takU9vrgXMQPnxOnPa-VaYq_DPd372inzYFnSMIbT3aFxxtd4rd-2RNnNJQ6kjFqafgtOOwFnfASHIVOMhv5hjqFlNydwsMMfeAq9KenX-p_pER4qMpTukeqDXUZB4UbVHi16sa9nMB_fz0eTOAggxAbTjiqWDtej8A0bZM7kCdOkD61StxRW5pZJK4gbAkEWTDuLZ8OF4yZzjimhU3EO7c37xl5AxFUmndTccJMOpJKqQIvYxLJE2VzpogN3zcLLrae5KJv6r3VJMJUEU-lh6oBssCl_GKtEP_zHvMt_zruCfbryBTPX0K4-Pu0N5gKV7tbG7sLecPo4mX0D59Kx7Q |
| linkProvider | Elsevier |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LS8NAEB5Ke1AP4hPrMwdvErvZzWaTYxFLah-nCr0tu9tdadFapP5_d5oNVhAPQiCwYSD5JpmZsDPfB3CbuEz5xM3iXOf-B8UJG2sjSDwrCKOFsFRt5itG46x8Tp-mfNqAh3oWBtsqQ-yvYvomWoeVTkCzs5rPccbXv4u-AqfI6U9RubaF7FRpE1rd_qAcf3d6EJHUpOFoEGZnqjavxdsKWbsp9wsZwamm3_LTVs7pHcB-KBajbnU_h9CwyyPY26IQPIb7PkrYVvvpkT9UZLDiQ-EHO4uCyI3aBLXoxb6ewKT3OHko46CBEBtfeaxj7lLBlf_IUuFMnhCNEtEqczNmeW4JtwzpITzOjGhn_dlQ5qgRzhHFdMZOobl8X9oziKgS3HFNDTVZyhVXhXeKTSxJlM2VLtpwVz-4XFVMF7JuAVtIhEkiTLKCqQ28xkb-8Jf0ofgPu_N_2t3ATjkZDeWwPx5cwC5eqfpnLqG5_vi0V740WOvr4PovIeu0ng |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indentation+on+a+constrained+electroactive+gel&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+mechanics+and+physics+of+solids&rft.au=Xia%2C+Guozhan&rft.date=2025-04-01&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd&rft.issn=0022-5096&rft.volume=197&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jmps.2025.106045&rft.externalDocID=S0022509625000213 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0022-5096&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0022-5096&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0022-5096&client=summon |